This paper addresses trade studies -decision making activities that must involve the selection of possible alternatives and then the evaluation of these alternatives on a set of objectives while being confronted with uncertainty about the ability of the alternatives to achieve high levels on the objectives. This discussion addresses six different types of trade studies: four for the system being developed and two for the qualification system that must address verification, validation and acceptance of the system design. The topics of this paper are the elements of all trade studies, the way in which the objectives and uncertainties change as we move from one type of trade study to another, and the benefits and pitfalls of trade studies. While this paper focuses on the trade studies for the system being developed, the same discussion could be created for the system that is developing the system being developed.
1: Definition and Purpose of Trade-off StudiesTrade-off studies are conducted to support decisions that involve selecting one approach (concept, architecture, set of parts) from many, thus winnowing the number of possible solutions for the design down to a smaller number. Since trade studies support decisions, the common elements of all trade studies are (1) alternatives, (2) values in terms of objectives and quantitative measures the relative importance of improvements across the objectives, and (3) facts and uncertainties about the design problem. Since trade studies are done to support decisions, it is critical to identify the decision maker. While there are many stakeholders for a system, there cannot be many decision makers. The decision maker is usually the person responsible for paying the bills. The stakeholders provide value preferences and opinions about performance characteristics and risks. The decision maker has to integrate these inputs across all the stakeholders and possible futures of the system. A limited sample of papers published on this topic include: Buede and Choisser (1992) There are many different types of trade studies (shown in Figure 1 and discussed in the third section), but all of them have the purpose of selecting one alternative design from many such that the design objectives are enhanced (maximized, if possible).