48—a Review of the Literature Relating to the Interaction of Cellulose and Formaldehyde

Roff, W.J.

doi:10.1080/19447025808662474

Cited by 23 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 22 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Treatment of cotton fabrics with formaldehyde enhanced the dimensional stability, but induced brittleness and strength loss. This was attributed to an extreme loss in extensibility, because of the shortness of the formal crosslink (Roff 1958) and acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the cellulose in the presence of metallic chlorides as catalysts (Nuessle et al 1955). Some dialdehyde reagents such as glyoxal and glutaraldehyde have displayed their effectiveness in providing cotton fabrics with comparable properties as attained after formaldehyde treatment (Frick and Harper 1982).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of modification with glutaraldehyde on the mechanical properties of wood

et al. 2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood was treated with glutaraldehyde (GA) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2) as a catalyst. The effects of treating conditions on the mechanical properties were examined. The weight percent gain (WPG) of thin veneer strips after leaching was highest at pH 4.0–4.5 and tensile strength measured in zero-span strength and finite-span strength decreased with decreasing pH in a range of 3.5–5.5. Sole treatment with MgCl2 also gradually decreased the tensile strength up to 25% with decreasing pH. At a fixed GA concentration (1.2 M), increasing MgCl2 concentration linearly diminished tensile strength. Conversely, increasing GA at a fixed MgCl2 concentration (1.5%) displayed the same effect, whereas in both cases zero-span strength loss was higher than finite span-strength loss. GA treatment of Scots pine sapwood stakes did not affect the modulus of rupture and the modulus of elasticity, but significantly reduced work to maximum load in bending and impact bending strength indicating embrittlement of wood. At the same time, compression strength increased with increasing WPG of GA. It is assumed that embrittlement caused by hydrolysis and crosslinking of cell wall polymers is compensated by enhanced compression strength thereby resulting in unchanged bending strength.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of modification with glutaraldehyde on the mechanical properties of wood

et al. 2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…TBB 0 further c'y)c'rinu'lltal tacts are readily <)1),-served for this react ion: BB'hen cellulose is treated with aqueous formaldehyde and a catalyst, subsequent heating [5] leads to the presence of gaseous Ic)rnl,ll<lc·lyle, an<1 ~6~ renders the cellulose insoluhIe in its usual ac)lvelts.…”

Section: Ivinrtrwmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TilE hi~h-temperature reaction of formaldehyde and cellulose has been reviewed and re-examined 1)crioclicallv ~l, 5,6], primarily with a view to relating operationa! )y a given textile treatment to its end result.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The High-Temperature Reaction between Formaldehyde and Cellulose

Klein¹,

Bingham²

1964

Textile Research Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The examination of the kineties of the high-temperature reaction between formaldehyde and cellulose has shown that formaldehyde is consumed by two competitive processes.The main reaction between formaldehyde and the cellulose is a pseudo-firstorder reaction with respect to formaldehyde concentration and a more complicated function of the catalyst concentration. Formaldehyde is also lost, concurrently, to the gas phase at a rate that is dependent on such experimental variables as surface area, air velocity, etc. By relating the behavior of typical catalysts for the reaction to their chemical properties, it has been shown that these have'a common property, identified as "Lewis acidity." This aprotic acidiy can be distinguished from "Bronsted acidity" by a dye adsorption test.TilE hi~h-temperature reaction of formaldehyde and cellulose has been reviewed and re-examined 1)crioclicallv ~l, 5, 6], primarily with a view to relating operationa!)y a given textile treatment to its end result. Because c)I our commercial interest in this reaction, we have also been concerned with this operational approach. But the relationships between resulting tettile properties and the chemica) mechanisms involved are so complex, that to understand the process some division of sequences must be Imposed. It was with this restrict ion in mind that a purely chemical approach to the study of this reaction was chosen. To define scientific objectives lc)r this series of papers, we view thc reaction as occurring between cellulose and an undetermined term of formaldehyde, catalyzed by certain COI11-pounds through unknown mcchnnislnsa and leading to a product of uncertain structure.A clear and unequivoca) understanding of this reaction will be (I 11-11 (-111 to attain, but we would like to present some experiments and results that will shed some light on the problems posed.In this paper we sl)~111 present some kinetic data, examine the role of the catalyst, and finally attempt to assign thc catalyst function to specific rlicmical properties, In succeeding 1)apers we shall examine the chemical nature of the product and present some evidence indicating that the reactive form of formalùe1lB'de involved is potymeric. . /~//~s'/r~/ ~//rr/~ o1' C'atal yst , Any study of catatysis should first examine the necessity of using a catalyst at all. For our criterion of &dquo;need, 11 we use the requirement that the endproduct should contain a formaldehyde derivative that is not removed by boiling in dilute NalISo3-This requirement is based on the experience that all forms of are readity hydrolvzed by ' BaIIS()3 and rendered water soluble. This then Bill ISo3 and., rendered water sol I)le. I sets our requirements equivalent to formin~; a derivative of the form R--t)(CII.~())rI2 where 11 may be the same or different anhydrog!ucose units, or other stable blocking groups. For convenience, such forma!dehyde derivatives will be termed &dquo;1)ound&dquo; formaldehyde. I n our experience it is a)ways possH)!e to produce &dquo;bound 91 formaldehyde at trace levels in a...

show abstract

The resilience of chemically modified cottons. II. Reactions of cellulose with formaldehyde under acid conditions

Dusenbury

Pacsu

Teulings

et al. 1961

J of Applied Polymer Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A study has been made of the reactions of cellulose with formaldehyde under acid conditions, where the fabrics are baked at elevated temperature. These treatments have involved cotton cellulose in a “dry” or relatively unswollen state and have resulted in the treated fabrics exhibiting improved crease rccovery both dry and wet. It has been found that boiling 1% acetic acid solution reduces the acetal contents of the treated fabrics and causes corresponding decreases in both dry and wet crease‐recovery improvement. The reproducibility of these treatments, with respect both to extents of formaldehyde incorporation and to dry and wet crease recovery, is found to be very good within a single treatment and, more importantly, tietween different treatments carried out under the same conditions. The rates of acetal removal by the boiling 1% acetic acid and the relationships between acetal content and crease‐recovery improvement have been found to be fairly complex. A study has also been made of the rates of acetal removal by boiling 1% acetic acid for samples of cotton card sliver treated with acid and subsequently heated in sealed tubes with paraformaldehyde. The rates of acetal removal in this case have been observed to be qualitatively similar to those observed for treated fabrics. The implications of these findings are discussed.

show abstract

48—a Review of the Literature Relating to the Interaction of Cellulose and Formaldehyde

Cited by 23 publications

References 22 publications

Effects of modification with glutaraldehyde on the mechanical properties of wood

Effects of modification with glutaraldehyde on the mechanical properties of wood

The High-Temperature Reaction between Formaldehyde and Cellulose

The resilience of chemically modified cottons. II. Reactions of cellulose with formaldehyde under acid conditions

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About