4-Iodo-1H-imidazole dramatically improves the open-circuit voltages of perovskite solar cells to 1.2 V

Abstract

Although the efficiency of perovskite solar cell is over 25%, there is still a big difference between the open-circuit voltage and its theoretical value, which is ascribed to defects in...

Enhancing the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells by Introducing 4-(Trifluoromethyl)-1H-imidazole Passivation Agents

“…Thus, the imidazole group is likely to coordinate with Lewis acid and Lewis base defects, forming Lewis acid–base adducts. For example, imidazole was doped into the perovskite absorption layer to realize the reduction in defect density [ 13 ]; 4-iodo-1H-imidazole was introduced into the perovskite precursor solution to prevent defect formation, leading to a significant elevation in the open-circuit voltage (V OC ) of PSC [ 14 ]; imidazolium iodide (ImI) applied on the surface of MAPbI 3 passivated the iodide vacancies of the perovskite by occupying the vacant sides in the crystal lattice, which minimized recombination losses [ 15 ]; 4-imidazoleacetic acid hydrochloride (ImAcHCl) was employed to modify the surface of electron transport layer SnO 2 [ 16 ], leading to the passivation of defects via interaction between imidazolium cation in ImAcHCl and iodide anion in perovskite; the surface modification of TiO 2 was achieved using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, resulting in increased PCE and eliminated hysteresis in planar PSCs [ 17 ]; the incorporation of imidazole bromide functionalized graphene quantum dots (I-GQDs) on the surface of the electron transport layer not only reduced the interface defects but also improved the film quality of FAPbI 3 perovskite [ 18 ].…”