4.8 mW singlemode oxide confined top-surface emitting vertical-cavity laser diodes

Jung, Christian; Jäger, R.; Grabherr, M.; Schnitzer, P.; Michalzik, Rainer; Weigl, Bernhard H.; Muller, Stella Torres; Ebeling, Karl Joachim

doi:10.1049/el:19971207

Cited by 152 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Several methods have been employed for achieving single fundamental mode operation in a VCSEL, including small oxide aperture confinement [1], surface relief etching [2], hybrid oxide-implant structures [3], and holey and photonic crystal structures [4][5][6][7][8]. Wedge-shaped holey structures in oxide-confined VCSELs have shown singlemode (both fundamental and non-fundamental) operation [9].…”

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confidence: 99%

Proton implanted singlemode holey vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

et al. 2005

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Wedge-shaped holes have been fabricated in the top mirror of proton implant confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. The index confinement and selective loss introduced by these patterns improved the performance by both increasing the singlemode power and reducing the threshold current of the lasers. A maximum single fundamental mode power of 3.5 mW with a simultaneous reduction of lasing threshold compared to an unmodified laser was observed. Multimode operation was suppressed over the entire laser operating range.

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confidence: 99%

Proton implanted singlemode holey vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

et al. 2005

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“…1. According to the effective-index model for a VCSEL proposed by Hadley [25], a red shift of the resonant wavelength corresponds to an increase of effective index, given by (1) where and are the effective index and resonant wavelength, respectively, in the array element region.…”

Section: -D Antiguided Vcsel Array Structure: Effective-index Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the short gain length and small emitting aperture, single-mode emission has been limited to 5-10 mW from single-element monolithic VCSELs [1], [2]. As an efficient means to increase the coherent output power, phase-locked VCSEL arrays have been studied extensively for the last few years.…”

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confidence: 99%

Modal properties of two-dimensional antiguided vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser arrays

Zhou

Mawst

Dai

2002

IEEE J. Quantum Electron.

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Abstract-We present a detailed analysis on 2-D (4 4 square-lattice) antiguided vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays based on the effective-index model. The calculation shows that the array can operate under 2-D resonant coupling, provided that the resonance condition in both the horizontal and vertical directions is satisfied. Consequently, the resonant-mode edge radiation loss is inversely proportional to the number of array elements along one direction for a array. Low-edge-loss out-of-phase and adjacent array modes are found to compete with the in-phase resonant mode. While the 3-D gain overlap is not a significant factor in modal discrimination, the introduction of inter-element loss allows the in-phase mode to exhibit the lowest threshold gain for a wide range of inter-element width, (1 0.5 m for 980-nm wavelength devices). The 2-D antiguided array results from shifting the cavity resonance between the element and inter-element regions and is fabricated by selective chemical etching and two-step metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) growth. Diffraction-limited in-phase and out-of-phase array mode operation is observed from top-emitting arrays, depending on the inter-element width. Substrate-emitting array structures are investigated as a means to lower heating and increase the coherent output power.

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“…The conventional small-aperture (diameter < 4 µm) VCSELs are limited in a single-mode power to about 5 mW [1]. Attempts to increase continuous wave (CW) output powers met the problem that a larger waveguide generally supports multiple modes.…”

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confidence: 99%