3D-ZnO Superstructure Decorated with Carbon-Based Material for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water-Splitting under Visible-Light Irradiation

Abstract

The depletion of fossil fuels is a worldwide problem that has led to the discovery of alternative energy sources. Solar energy is the focus of numerous studies due to its huge potential power and environmentally friendly nature. Furthermore, one such area of study is the production of hydrogen energy by engaging photocatalysts using the photoelectrochemical (PEC) method. 3-D ZnO superstructures are extensively explored, showing high solar light-harvesting efficiency, more reaction sites, great electron transportation, and low electron-hole recombination. However, further development requires the consideration of several aspects, including the morphological effects of 3D-ZnO on water-splitting performance. This study reviewed various 3D-ZnO superstructures fabricated through different synthesis methods and crystal growth modifiers, as well as their advantages and limitations. Additionally, a recent modification by carbon-based material for enhanced water-splitting efficiency has been discussed. Finally, the review provides some challenging issues and future perspectives on the improvement of vectorial charge carrier migration and separation between ZnO as well as carbon-based material, using rare earth metals, which appears to be exciting for water-splitting.

Theoretical and Experimental Study of the Photocatalytic Properties of ZnO Semiconductor Nanoparticles Synthesized by Prosopis laevigata

“…It should be noted that as the percentage of extract used for material biosynthesis increases, the band gap decreases. This decrease in the energy band gap is due to the size of the NPs; the greater the amount of extract used in biosynthesis, the more organic molecules remain on the surface of the nanoparticles (residual carbon) acting as photosensitizers [ 35 , 42 , 43 ].…”

S,N-GQD sensitization effect on the improvement of ZnO nanopencil photoelectrochemical properties

“…In the same context, PEC water splitting for green-hydrogen generation utilizing semiconductors has gained popularity due to its environmental friendliness. 2,4–7…”