3D‐Printing of Lightweight Cellular Composites

Compton, Brett G.; Lewis, Jennifer A.

doi:10.1002/adma.201401804

Cited by 1,364 publications

(1,007 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Complex anatomic structures cannot yet be printed with controlled mechanical anisotropy, thus the printing direction should not introduce differences in mechanical properties. A recent study by Compton et al [11] described how internal fiberreinforcement increased the mechanical properties in epoxy based materials and significant differences were reported between the transverse and longitudinal samples in tension. These differences were explained by the high aspect ratio fibers capability to bind to the polymer matrix with high pullout stress and up to nine times Young's modulus was achieved compared to the casted polymer resin without fibers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These properties are a function of the material itself, as well as bioprinting process parameters ( Figure 1B). Printed tensile specimens have been used to investigate the interaction of lines and layers [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17], however, a systematic investigation of how process parameters influence these properties has not been conducted. Terminology to describe the tensile measurements include two crucial aspects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Guidelines for standardization of bioprinting: a systematic study of process parameters and their effect on bioprinted structures

et al. 2016

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Biofabrication techniques including threedimensional bioprinting could be used one day to fabricate living, patient-specific tissues and organs for use in regenerative medicine. Compared to traditional casting and molding methods, bioprinted structures can be much more complex, containing for example multiple materials and cell types in controlled spatial arrangement, engineered porosity, reinforcement structures and gradients in mechanical properties. With this complexity and increased function, however, comes the necessity to develop guidelines to standardize the bioprinting process, so printed grafts can safely enter the clinics. The bioink material must firstly fulfil requirements for biocompatibility and flow. Secondly, it is important to understand how process parameters affect the final mechanical properties of the printed graft. Using a gellan-alginate physically crosslinked bioink as an example, we show shear thinning and shear recovery properties which allow good printing resolution. Printed tensile specimens were used to systematically assess effect of line spacing, printing direction and crosslinking conditions. This standardized testing allowed direct comparison between this bioink and three commercially-available products. Bioprinting is a promising, yet complex fabrication method whose outcome is sensitive to a range of process parameters. This study provides the foundation for highly needed best practice guidelines for reproducible and safe bioprinted grafts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Guidelines for standardization of bioprinting: a systematic study of process parameters and their effect on bioprinted structures

et al. 2016

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“…The emergence of such multi-material and composite 3D printing technologies [33][34][35][36][37][38][39] facilitates the design of functionally graded designs at the sub-millimeter scale enabling fabrication of multi-material structures simultaneously exhibiting both strength and toughness, which are often difficult to achieve with homogeneous materials. [40,41] CAD models of SLJs were created using Solidworks (Dassault Systemes, France) and an Object Connex260 Polyjet 3D printer (Statasys Ltd., USA), having eight simultaneously operating print heads, was used for fabrication.…”

Section: Printing and Compliance-tailoring Of The Multimaterials Jointmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress Reduction of 3D Printed Compliance‐Tailored Multilayers

et al. 2017

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Multilayered multi-material interfaces are encountered in an array of fields. Here, enhanced mechanical performance of such multi-material interfaces is demonstrated, focusing on strength and stiffness, by employing bondlayers with spatially-tuned elastic properties realized via 3D printing. Compliance of the bondlayer is varied along the bondlength with increased compliance at the ends to relieve stress concentrations. Experimental testing to failure of a tri-layered assembly in a single-lap joint configuration, including optical strain mapping, reveals that the stress and strain redistribution of the compliance-tailored bondlayer increases strength by 100% and toughness by 60%, compared to a constant modulus bondlayer, while maintaining the stiffness of the joint with the homogeneous stiff bondlayer. Analyses show that the stress concentrations for both peel and shear stress in the bondlayer have a global minimum when the compliant bond at the lap end comprises %10% of the bondlength, and further that increased multilayer performance also holds for long (relative to critical shear transfer length) bondlengths. Damage and failure resistance of multi-material interfaces can be improved substantially via the compliance-tailoring demonstrated here, with immediate relevance in additive manufacturing joining applications, and shows promise for generalized joining applications including adhesive bonding.

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“…The bar samples produced showed decreased swelling and greater tensile strength, although at the cost of increased brittleness [186]. More complex extruded honeycomb structures rendered in resin with aligned fibres delivered a superior Young's modulus for the lightweight samples, compared with other printing materials and natural balsa wood [187].…”

Section: Reproducing Positioning and Orientationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphing in nature and beyond: a review of natural and synthetic shape-changing materials and mechanisms

2016

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Shape-changing materials open an entirely new solution space for a wide range of disciplines: from architecture that responds to the environment and medical devices that unpack inside the body, to passive sensors and novel robotic actuators. While synthetic shape-changing materials are still in their infancy, studies of biological morphing materials have revealed key paradigms and features which underlie efficient natural shape-change. Here, we review some of these insights and how they have been, or may be, translated to artificial solutions. We focus on soft matter due to its prevalence in nature, compatibility with users and potential for novel design. Initially, we review examples of natural shape-changing materials-skeletal muscle, tendons and plant tissues-and compare with synthetic examples with similar methods of operation. Stimuli to motion are outlined in general principle, with examples of their use and potential in manufactured systems. Anisotropy is identified as a crucial element in directing shape-change to fulfil designed tasks, and some manufacturing routes to its achievement are highlighted. We conclude with potential directions for future work, including the simultaneous development of materials and manufacturing techniques and the hierarchical combination of effects at multiple length scales.

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3D‐Printing of Lightweight Cellular Composites

Cited by 1,364 publications

References 33 publications

Guidelines for standardization of bioprinting: a systematic study of process parameters and their effect on bioprinted structures

Guidelines for standardization of bioprinting: a systematic study of process parameters and their effect on bioprinted structures

Stress Reduction of 3D Printed Compliance‐Tailored Multilayers

Morphing in nature and beyond: a review of natural and synthetic shape-changing materials and mechanisms

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