3D‐Printing of Functionally Graded Porous Materials Using On‐Demand Reconfigurable Microfluidics

Costantini, Marco; Jaroszewicz, Joanna; Kozoń, Łukasz; Szlązak, Karol; Święszkowski, Wojciech; Garstecki, Piotr; Barbetta, Andrea; Guzowski, Jan

doi:10.1002/ange.201900530

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…This is an improvement compared even to the recent microfluidic techniques for which CV ≈ 20% was reported as the state of the art for solid foams. 36 Figure 4 b shows that increasing the pressure also decreases the density of the foams from 845 ± 25 kg m –3 at 21.7 kPa to 501 ± 26 kg m –3 at 22.6 kPa. It is well-known that the density of foams controls their stiffness.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Programmable Porous Polymers via Direct Bubble Writing with Surfactant-Free Inks

Amato

Sandoz

et al. 2020

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Fabrication of macroporous polymers with functionally graded architecture or chemistry bears transformative potential in acoustic damping, energy storage materials, flexible electronics, and filtration but is hardly reachable with current processes. Here, we introduce thiol–ene chemistries in direct bubble writing, a recent technique for additive manufacturing of foams with locally controlled cell size, density, and macroscopic shape. Surfactant-free and solvent-free graded three-dimensional (3D) foams without drying-induced shrinkage were fabricated by direct bubble writing at an unparalleled ink viscosity of 410 cP (40 times higher than previous formulations). Functionalities including shape memory, high glass transition temperatures (>25 °C), and chemical gradients were demonstrated. These results extend direct bubble writing from aqueous inks to nonaqueous formulations at high liquid flow rates (3 mL min −1 ). Altogether, direct bubble writing with thiol–ene inks promises rapid one-step fabrication of functional materials with locally controlled gradients in the chemical, mechanical, and architectural domains.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Programmable Porous Polymers via Direct Bubble Writing with Surfactant-Free Inks

Amato

Sandoz

et al. 2020

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…Microfluidic-based devices can be adapted to produce bubbles of air as the dispersed phase template that produces a foamed styrene-in-water emulsion for creating a porous material[ 128 ]. In addition, when using a valve-based flow-focusing junction (vFF) within a microfluidic device, the air bubble size can be adjusted in real time to produce a porous gradient ranging from 80 to 800 μm pores, and this method has been used to produce nanohydroxyapatite particle-loaded gelatin-based foams that were 3D printed and then sintered to produce a porous ceramic[ 129 ]. This valve-based approach can also be used for W/O emulsions[ 130 ].…”

Section: Emulsion Reproducibility and Scalabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Considerations Using Additive Manufacture of Emulsion Inks to Produce Respiratory Protective Filters Against Viral Respiratory Tract Infections Such as the COVID-19 Virus

Sherborne¹,

Claeyssens²

2024

IJB

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This review paper explores the potential of combining emulsion-based inks with additive manufacturing (AM) to produce filters for respiratory protective equipment (RPE) in the fight against viral and bacterial infections of the respiratory tract. The value of these filters has been highlighted by the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 crisis where the importance of protective equipment for health care workers cannot be overstated. Three-dimensional (3D) printing of emulsions is an emerging technology built on a well-established field of emulsion templating to produce porous materials such as polymerized high internal phase emulsions (polyHIPEs). PolyHIPE-based porous polymers have tailorable porosity from the submicron to 100 s of μm. Advances in 3D printing technology enables the control of the bulk shape while a micron porosity is controlled independently by the emulsion-based ink. Herein, we present an overview of the current polyHIPE-based filter applications. Then, we discuss the current use of emulsion templating combined with stereolithography and extrusion-based AM technologies. The benefits and limitation of various AM techniques are discussed, as well as considerations for a scalable manufacture of a polyHIPE-based RPE.

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“…Examples of well-ordered porous foams are poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) foams ( Figure 4 B) [ 63 ], gelatin-based foams ( Figure 4 D,E) [ 64 , 65 ], alginate foams [ 66 , 67 ], as well as chitosan-based foams [ 49 ], polyacrylamide foams [ 60 ], polyurethane foams [ 68 ] and polystyrene foams ( Figure 4 C) [ 61 , 69 ]. Recently, researchers have developed tailor-made porous polymer scaffolds using microfluidics, such as monodisperse porous scaffolds, polydisperse porous scaffolds [ 49 ] and graded porous scaffolds [ 70 , 71 ]. For example, a valve-based flow-focusing ( vFF ) device was used to generate foams with controlled bubble size and the pore size of foams varied in the range of 80–800 μm ( Figure 4 E).…”

Section: Well-ordered Porous Scaffolds Based On Microfluidic Technmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…( E ): (a) Schematic of the vFF chip, (b) optical micrographs of the device, (b) optical micrographs of the vFF during foaming for different pressure. Reprinted from [ 71 ] with permission. Copyright 2019 Wiley.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Microfluidic Technology for the Production of Well-Ordered Porous Polymer Scaffolds

Zhao

Wang

et al. 2020

Polymers

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Advances in tissue engineering (TE) have revealed that porosity architectures, such as pore shape, pore size and pore interconnectivity are the key morphological properties of scaffolds. Well-ordered porous polymer scaffolds, which have uniform pore size, regular geometric shape, high porosity and good pore interconnectivity, facilitate the loading and distribution of active biomolecules, as well as cell adhesion, proliferation and migration. However, these are difficult to prepare by traditional methods and the existing well-ordered porous scaffold preparation methods require expensive experimental equipment or cumbersome preparation steps. Generally, droplet-based microfluidics, which generates and manipulates discrete droplets through immiscible multiphase flows inside microchannels, has emerged as a versatile tool for generation of well-ordered porous materials. This short review details this novel method and the latest developments in well-ordered porous scaffold preparation via microfluidic technology. The pore structure and properties of microfluidic scaffolds are discussed in depth, laying the foundation for further research and application in TE. Furthermore, we outline the bottlenecks and future developments in this particular field, and a brief outlook on the future development of microfluidic technique for scaffold fabrication is presented.

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3D‐Printing of Functionally Graded Porous Materials Using On‐Demand Reconfigurable Microfluidics

Abstract: Supportinginformation and the ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under: https://doi.

Cited by 16 publications

References 22 publications

Programmable Porous Polymers via Direct Bubble Writing with Surfactant-Free Inks

Programmable Porous Polymers via Direct Bubble Writing with Surfactant-Free Inks

Considerations Using Additive Manufacture of Emulsion Inks to Produce Respiratory Protective Filters Against Viral Respiratory Tract Infections Such as the COVID-19 Virus

Microfluidic Technology for the Production of Well-Ordered Porous Polymer Scaffolds

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