Considerations Using Additive Manufacture of Emulsion Inks to Produce Respiratory Protective Filters Against Viral Respiratory Tract Infections Such as the COVID-19 Virus
Abstract:This review paper explores the potential of combining emulsion-based inks with additive manufacturing (AM) to produce filters for respiratory protective equipment (RPE) in the fight against viral and bacterial infections of the respiratory tract. The value of these filters has been highlighted by the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 crisis where the importance of protective equipment for health care workers cannot be overstated. Three-dimensional (3D) printing of emulsions is an emerging… Show more
“…This highly interconnected pore structure aids in fluid transport and cell movement through the scaffold, and the biodegradable nature of PFDMA make these polyHIPEs suitable bone-tissue-engineering scaffolds. The use of photoinitiated polymerizations of acrylic-based polyHIPEs are increasingly being used in photocured 3D printing for better control over the design of bone scaffolds, and SEM images of the typical printed polyHIPEs can be found in Figure . − Emulsions, especially HIPEs, are inherently viscous, making them ideal candidates for deposition-based stereolithographic additive manufacturing techniques where limited spreading after deposition is required …”
Section: (Meth)acrylics and (Meth)acrylamidesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…39−42 Emulsions, especially HIPEs, are inherently viscous, making them ideal candidates for deposition-based stereolithographic additive manufacturing techniques where limited spreading after deposition is required. 43 In addition to the porous microstructure obtained from printing polyHIPEs, custom macroscopic structures including voids, layers, and struts can be designed using additive manufacturing processes. Control over both these micro-and macro-structures has been shown to be beneficial in the preparation of the complex architectures needed for bone tissue engineering.…”
Section: (Meth)acrylics and (Meth)acrylamidesmentioning
Polymer foams (PFs) are among the most industrially produced
polymeric
materials, and they are found in applications including aerospace,
packaging, textiles, and biomaterials. PFs are predominantly prepared
using gas-blowing techniques, but PFs can also be prepared from templating
techniques such as polymerized high internal phase emulsions (polyHIPEs).
PolyHIPEs have many experimental design variables which control the
physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of the resulting PFs.
Both rigid and elastic polyHIPEs can be prepared, but while elastomeric
polyHIPEs are less commonly reported than hard polyHIPEs, elastomeric
polyHIPEs are instrumental in the realization of new materials in
applications including flexible separation membranes, energy storage
in soft robotics, and 3D-printed soft tissue engineering scaffolds.
Furthermore, there are few limitations to the types of polymers and
polymerization methods that have been used to prepare elastic polyHIPEs
due to the wide range of polymerization conditions that are compatible
with the polyHIPE method. In this review, an overview of the chemistry
used to prepare elastic polyHIPEs from early reports to modern polymerization
methods is provided, focusing on the applications that flexible polyHIPEs
are used in. The review consists of four sections organized around
polymer classes used in the preparation of polyHIPEs: (meth)acrylics
and (meth)acrylamides, silicones, polyesters and polyurethanes, and
naturally occurring polymers. Within each section, the common properties,
current challenges, and an outlook is suggested on where elastomeric
polyHIPEs can be expected to continue to make broad, positive impacts
on materials and technology for the future.
“…This highly interconnected pore structure aids in fluid transport and cell movement through the scaffold, and the biodegradable nature of PFDMA make these polyHIPEs suitable bone-tissue-engineering scaffolds. The use of photoinitiated polymerizations of acrylic-based polyHIPEs are increasingly being used in photocured 3D printing for better control over the design of bone scaffolds, and SEM images of the typical printed polyHIPEs can be found in Figure . − Emulsions, especially HIPEs, are inherently viscous, making them ideal candidates for deposition-based stereolithographic additive manufacturing techniques where limited spreading after deposition is required …”
Section: (Meth)acrylics and (Meth)acrylamidesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…39−42 Emulsions, especially HIPEs, are inherently viscous, making them ideal candidates for deposition-based stereolithographic additive manufacturing techniques where limited spreading after deposition is required. 43 In addition to the porous microstructure obtained from printing polyHIPEs, custom macroscopic structures including voids, layers, and struts can be designed using additive manufacturing processes. Control over both these micro-and macro-structures has been shown to be beneficial in the preparation of the complex architectures needed for bone tissue engineering.…”
Section: (Meth)acrylics and (Meth)acrylamidesmentioning
Polymer foams (PFs) are among the most industrially produced
polymeric
materials, and they are found in applications including aerospace,
packaging, textiles, and biomaterials. PFs are predominantly prepared
using gas-blowing techniques, but PFs can also be prepared from templating
techniques such as polymerized high internal phase emulsions (polyHIPEs).
PolyHIPEs have many experimental design variables which control the
physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of the resulting PFs.
Both rigid and elastic polyHIPEs can be prepared, but while elastomeric
polyHIPEs are less commonly reported than hard polyHIPEs, elastomeric
polyHIPEs are instrumental in the realization of new materials in
applications including flexible separation membranes, energy storage
in soft robotics, and 3D-printed soft tissue engineering scaffolds.
Furthermore, there are few limitations to the types of polymers and
polymerization methods that have been used to prepare elastic polyHIPEs
due to the wide range of polymerization conditions that are compatible
with the polyHIPE method. In this review, an overview of the chemistry
used to prepare elastic polyHIPEs from early reports to modern polymerization
methods is provided, focusing on the applications that flexible polyHIPEs
are used in. The review consists of four sections organized around
polymer classes used in the preparation of polyHIPEs: (meth)acrylics
and (meth)acrylamides, silicones, polyesters and polyurethanes, and
naturally occurring polymers. Within each section, the common properties,
current challenges, and an outlook is suggested on where elastomeric
polyHIPEs can be expected to continue to make broad, positive impacts
on materials and technology for the future.
“…3D printing can be employed to monitor the bulk shape by governing micron porosity using emulsion ink. Usually, the emulsion templating can be combined with material extrusion or VAT photopolymerization to make a respiratory filter preventing respiratory tract and COVID-19 infections [ 24 ]. The purpose of using the polyHIPE mask is to filter harmful particles and viruses from the inhaled air.…”
Section: Dp-based Manufacturing and Covid-19mentioning
Section: Dp-based Manufacturing and Covid-19mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…90 % with a particle filtration range of 100−300 nm, and the filtration performance was comparable to N-95 masks. Some other significant contributions from additive manufacturing industries are 3D printed medical face shields [ 23 ], additively manufactured respiratory protective equipment from emulsion inks [ 24 ], PLA-based biodegradable masks [ 25 ], bioprinted ideal tissue platform for COVID research [ 26 ], and new information technology (IT) based rapid manufacturing [ 27 ] in battle against COVID-19 pandemic. Ammar et al highlighted the critical frontiers, hotspots and research gaps in the 3D printing technology for COVID-19 related applications [ 28 ].…”
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
