3D Printing of Biomolecular Models for Research and Pedagogy

Abstract

The construction of physical three-dimensional (3D) models of biomolecules can uniquely contribute to the study of the structure-function relationship. 3D structures are most often perceived using the two-dimensional and exclusively visual medium of the computer screen. Converting digital 3D molecular data into real objects enables information to be perceived through an expanded range of human senses, including direct stereoscopic vision, touch, and interaction. Such tangible models facilitate new insights, enable hypothesis testing, and serve as psychological or sensory anchors for conceptual information about the functions of biomolecules. Recent advances in consumer 3D printing technology enable, for the first time, the cost-effective fabrication of high-quality and scientifically accurate models of biomolecules in a variety of molecular representations. However, the optimization of the virtual model and its printing parameters is difficult and time consuming without detailed guidance. Here, we provide a guide on the digital design and physical fabrication of biomolecule models for research and pedagogy using open source or low-cost software and low-cost 3D printers that use fused filament fabrication technology.

Use of augmented reality (AR) to aid bioscience education and enrich student experience

“…they are studying (Smith 2016). This approach has key advantages to students over 2D still images, including enabling them to manipulate the object in 3D space, explore protein-protein interactions and stimulate peer-to-peer discussions, thereby facilitating dialogic learning (Da Veiga Beltrame et al 2017;García-Carrión et al 2020). This is further illustrated by the work of Gillet et al (2004) who combined 3D-printed models with AR to overlay additional information on physical models, thereby demonstrating the interactions mediated by proteins and small molecules (Gillet et al 2004).…”

Use of Augmented Reality (AR) to aid bioscience education and enrich student experience

“…Previously researchers have attempted to address this shortfall by employing object-based learning to provide students with tactile objects/models of the structures they are studying (Smith, 2016). This approach has key advantages to students over 2D still images including enabling them to manipulate the object in 3D space, explore protein-protein interactions and stimulate peer-to-peer discussions thereby facilitating dialogic learning (Da Veiga Beltrame et al, 2017;García-Carrión et al, 2020). This is further illustrated by the work of Gillet et al (2004) who combined 3D-printed models with AR to overlay additional information on physical models thereby demonstrating the interactions mediated by proteins and small molecules (Gillet, Sanner, Stoffler, Goodsell, & Olson, Oct 10, 2004).…”

FINDUS: An Open-Source 3D Printable Liquid-Handling Workstation for Laboratory Automation in Life Sciences

“…10 It comes as no surprise that scientists from diverse fields use these technologies to build or customize laboratory equipment. Recently reported devices include constructions ranging from optics equipment 11 to biomolecular models, 12 handheld pipets, 13 synthesis reaction-ware, 14 nutating mixers, 15 continuous-flow reactors, 16 and other inventions summarized in several reviews. [17][18][19][20] A nearly unlimited spectrum of possibilities emerges when 3D-printed mechanical parts are combined with microcontroller electronics.…”