3D-Printed Bioactive Calcium Silicate/Poly-ε-Caprolactone Bioscaffolds Modified with Biomimetic Extracellular Matrices for Bone Regeneration

Abstract

Currently, clinically available orthopedic implants are extremely biocompatible but they lack specific biological characteristics that allow for further interaction with surrounding tissues. The extracellular matrix (ECM)-coated scaffolds have received considerable interest for bone regeneration due to their ability in upregulating regenerative cellular behaviors. This study delves into the designing and fabrication of three-dimensional (3D)-printed scaffolds that were made out of calcium silicate (CS), polycaprolactone (PCL), and decellularized ECM (dECM) from MG63 cells, generating a promising bone tissue engineering strategy that revolves around the concept of enhancing osteogenesis by creating an osteoinductive microenvironment with osteogenesis-promoting dECM. We cultured MG63 on scaffolds to obtain a dECM-coated CS/PCL scaffold and further studied the biological performance of the dECM hybrid scaffolds. The results indicated that the dECM-coated CS/PCL scaffolds exhibited excellent biocompatibility and effectively enhanced cellular adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of human Wharton’s Jelly mesenchymal stem cells by increasing the expression of osteogenic-related genes. They also presented anti-inflammatory characteristics by showing a decrease in the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1). Histological analysis of in vivo experiments presented excellent bone regenerative capabilities of the dECM-coated scaffold. Overall, our work presented a promising technique for producing bioscaffolds that can augment bone tissue regeneration in numerous aspects.

Polycaprolactone as biomaterial for bone scaffolds: Review of literature

“…83 Wu (2019) fabricated 3D-printed calcium silicate, PCL, and decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds and observed them to exhibit excellent biocompatibility, cellular adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation by increasing the expression of osteogenic-related genes. 84 da Cunha 2019 fabricated PCL-Biosilicate scaffold using extrusion printer, with 0°/90°pore sizes and pore interconnectivity, which led to 57% increase in the stiffness of scaffold, without increasing any toxicity. 85 González-Gil (2019) used a bone nonunion model in Sprague-Dawley rats in six groups: control, live bone allograft, rhBMP-2 in collagen; acellular PCL; PCL with periosteumderived MSCs, and PCL containing bone marrow-derived MSCs.…”

Synthesis of high-quality monolayer tungsten disulfide with chlorophylls and its application for enhancing bone regeneration

“…The MT staining in the WS 2 /PCL/CS group at eight weeks shows that the collagen area and the lumen of the blood vessels supported active osteogenesis around the scaffolds. VK staining is known to be highly visible in formed bone tissue 61 . In particular, the images of the WS 2 /PCL/CS scaffold in Fig.…”

Assessment of the Release of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor from 3D-Printed Poly-ε-Caprolactone/Hydroxyapatite/Calcium Sulfate Scaffold with Enhanced Osteogenic Capacity

“…For instance, the microstructure of bioceramics allow it to have the ability to promote ossification and neovascularization, and such abilities are critical for osteoinduction, osteoconduction and osseointegration [5]. In recent years, bioceramics combined with three-dimensional (3D) printing is starting to become a popular trend due to its excellent customization, biocompatibility and bioactivity [6]. Such 3D printing technology has been widely applied to bone tissue engineering as it gives us the flexibility to customize personalized grafts according to one's need quickly and with reproducibility [7][8][9].…”