3D-Printed Bioactive Ca₃SiO₅ Bone Cement Scaffolds with Nano Surface Structure for Bone Regeneration

Abstract

Silicate bioactive materials have been widely studied for bone regeneration because of their eminent physicochemical properties and outstanding osteogenic bioactivity, and different methods have been developed to prepare porous silicate bioactive ceramics scaffolds for bone-tissue engineering applications. Among all of these methods, the 3D-printing technique is obviously the most efficient way to control the porous structure. However, 3D-printed bioceramic porous scaffolds need high-temperature sintering, which will cause volume shrinkage and reduce the controllability of the pore structure accuracy. Unlike silicate bioceramic, bioactive silicate cements such as tricalcium silicate (CaSiO and CS) can be self-set in water to obtain high mechanical strength under mild conditions. Another advantage of using CS to prepare 3D scaffolds is the possibility of simultaneous drug loading. Herein, we, for the first time, demonstrated successful preparation of uniform 3D-printed CS bone cement scaffolds with controllable 3D structure at room temperature. The scaffolds were loaded with two model drugs and showed a loading location controllable drug-release profile. In addition, we developed a surface modification process to create controllable nanotopography on the surface of pore wall of the scaffolds, which showed activity to enhance rat bone-marrow stem cells (rBMSCs) attachment, spreading, and ALP activities. The in vivo experiments revealed that the 3D-printed CS bone cement scaffolds with nanoneedle-structured surfaces significantly improved bone regeneration, as compared to pure CS bone cement scaffolds, suggesting that 3D-printed CS bone cement scaffolds with controllable nanotopography surface are bioactive implantable biomaterials for bone repair.

Additive Manufacturing Methods for Producing Hydroxyapatite and Hydroxyapatite-Based Composite Scaffolds: A Review

“…Bioceramics have significantly been used for the repair or replacement of damaged hard tissues for more than 50 years due to their excellent biocompatibility, osteoconductivity/osteoinductivity, and close compositional and mineralogical similarity to the inorganic component of the bone (Hench, 2006;Lin et al, 2014;Kaur et al, 2019;Zhou et al, 2019). In general, bioceramics include a wide range of calcium phosphates based on their Ca/P molar ratio and compositions [e.g., amorphous calcium phosphates (Ca/P: 1.2-2.2), α-tricalcium-phosphate (Ca/P: 1.5, very quickly resorbable), β-tricalcium-phosphate (Ca/P: 1.5, more slowly resorbable compared to the α form), HAp (Ca/P: 1.67, non-resorbable unless in a nanometric form) (Dorozhkin and Epple, 2002;Sadat-Shojai et al, 2013;Kumar et al, 2014Kumar et al, , 2017a], calcium silicates (tricalcium silicates, β-calcium silicates) (Xu et al, 2008;Yang et al, 2017), bioactive glasses (e.g., silicate-, borate-, borosilicate, phosphate-, doped-, and mesoporous bioactive glasses) (Kumar et al, 2017c;Baino, 2018;Kargozar et al, 2018a,b,c), and bioactive glass-ceramics (partially crystallized materials formed via controlled nucleation and crystallization of glass) (Chen et al, 2006;Suwanprateeb et al, 2009;Caddeo et al, 2019). Calcium phosphate bioceramics have also been successfully proposed for application in contact with soft tissues (Al-Kattan et al, 2012;Celik et al, 2015;Sarda et al, 2016), but this review article is focused on hard tissue regeneration.…”

The Calcium Channel Affect Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Strontium-Substituted Calcium Silicate/Poly-ε-Caprolactone Scaffold

“…In addition, it was reported that SrCS had improved anti-inflammatory capabilities as compared to CS scaffolds. There was a study made by Yang et al stated that 0.0623 mM of Si ion was able to bring about anti-inflammatory capabilities [37]. Therefore, our initial results indicated that the ions released from SrCS scaffolds had a role to play in enhancing cellular behaviors such as cell proliferation, differentiation and even osteogenesis.…”

Monodispersed β‐Glycerophosphate‐Decorated Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles Reinforce Osteogenic Differentiation of Adipose Stem Cells and Bone Regeneration In Vivo

“…Relative to other bioactive ceramics and polymers, bioactive glass‐based biomaterials possess good biodegradation, bone‐bonding, osteogenesis and angiogenesis capacity,8,26,27 due to their bioactive elements, and amorphous structure. Bioactive glass materials for medical devices in dentistry and bone defect repair have been approved by Food and Drug Administration, suggesting their good safety and clinical effectiveness 28. Compared with traditional nanostructure bioactive particles, monodispersed nanoparticles could efficiently enter into the targeted cells and regulate the cell behavior through the action on the subcellular structure 9,29,30.…”