3D model of amphioxus steroid receptor complexed with estradiol

Origin and diversification of steroids: Co-evolution of enzymes and nuclear receptors

“…Interestingly, BfER and BbER repress activation of BfSR and BbSR, respectively, by E2, suggesting a novel cross-regulatory interaction between these two receptors. The affinity of E2 for BfSR is about 100 nM [36], which makes it unlikely that E2 is the physiological ligand [41]. Other steroids may be the physiological ligands [6, 35,42] Invertebrate ERs in mollusks.…”

3D Models of MBP, a Biologically Active Metabolite of Bisphenol A, in Human Estrogen Receptor α and Estrogen Receptor β

“…The distances between MBP and ERα are shown in Figure 2A and Table 1. For comparison, in Figure 3A and Table 2 we show the distances between E2 and human ERα [33], [35], [36], [37], [38].…”

“…Interaction of E2 with human ERα [24], [33], [34], [36], [37], [38], [39]. The phenolic hydroxyl of E2 contacts Glu-353, Arg-394 and Leu-387.…”

Insights from the structure of estrogen receptor into the evolution of estrogens: Implications for endocrine disruption

“…Nuclear receptors with transcriptional responses to adrenal and sex steroids appear to have evolved in deuterostomes [5][6][7]; the estrogen receptor [ER] is the ancestral vertebrate steroid receptor [6][7][8][9][10][11]. [8][9][12][13][14]. Although mollusks and annelids contain receptors with sequence similarity to the human ER [15][16][17], there is disagreement as to whether these protostome receptors diverged from a common ancestor of chordate ER [17], or if the similarity between protostome proteins and the chordate ER is an example of convergent evolution [18][19][20].…”