Origin and diversification of steroids: Co-evolution of enzymes and nuclear receptors

30 YEARS OF THE MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR: Evolution of the mineralocorticoid receptor: sequence, structure and function

“…The longer off-time Aldo from the MR has been proposed to be important in Aldo activation of human MR (Hellal-Levy et al 1999). Lastly, the stronger transcriptional activity of Aldo compared to F and other corticosteroids may be due to Aldo's stronger stabilization of an interaction between the N-terminal A/B domain and the ligand-binding domain (Rogerson & Fuller 2003, Pippal et al 2009, 2011. In this regard, allosteric interactions between the A/B domain and the ligand-binding domain also are important in differences among corticosteroids in transcriptional activation of the GR (Pearce & Yamamoto 1993, Rupprecht et al 1993a, Oka et al 2015.…”

“…Hydroxylated corticosterone at C18 followed by oxidation of the C18 hydroxyl forms aldosterone. In a second pathway, progesterone is hydroxylated at C17 and then hydroxylated at C21 to form 11-deoxycortisol, which is hydroxylated at C11 to form cortisol (Baker 2011, Rossier et al 2015. Fagart et al 2005, Edman et al 2015 and GR (Bledsoe et al 2002, He et al 2014 and functional studies of human MR mutants (Fagart et al 1998, Geller et al 2000, Bledsoe et al 2005, Shibata et al 2013, Jimenez-Canino et al 2016, Mani 2016 to investigate the evolution of selectivity for Aldo and other corticosteroids by the MR in terrestrial vertebrates (Baker et al 2013) and ray-finned fish (Prunet et al 2006, Bury & Sturm 2007, Arterbery et al 2011, Sugimoto et al 2016, as well as the basis for binding of some glucocorticoids by human MR and other vertebrate MRs , Mani et al 2016.…”

Insights from the structure of estrogen receptor into the evolution of estrogens: Implications for endocrine disruption

“…[8][9][12][13][14]. Although mollusks and annelids contain receptors with sequence similarity to the human ER [15][16][17], there is disagreement as to whether these protostome receptors diverged from a common ancestor of chordate ER [17], or if the similarity between protostome proteins and the chordate ER is an example of convergent evolution [18][19][20]. The pros and cons of this controversy are discussed in [17][18][19][20] and are not the focus of this paper.…”

3D models of lamprey corticoid receptor complexed with 11-deoxycortisol and deoxycorticosterone

“…Lamprey's position as a basal vertebrate has motivated studies of lamprey to understand the evolution of vertebrates [1][2][3]. Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) contains orthologs of the corticoid receptor [CR], progesterone receptor [PR] and estrogen receptor [ER] [4], which makes lamprey an important animal for understanding the evolution of vertebrate adrenal and sex steroid receptors [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14].…”