“…In order to calculate 2D external energy terms for each landmark point, common approaches are to compute the Gradient Vector Flow (GVF) (Xu and Prince, 1998b), Generalized Gradient Vector Flow (GGVF) (Xu and Prince, 1998a), and Potential Energy (PE) (Cohen and Cohen, 1993) from the 2D projection images and use the resulting 2D vector fields (Cañero et al, 2000(Cañero et al, , 2002Cong et al, 2013Cong et al, , 2015Yang et al, 2014). Centrelines segmented from 2D projection images are used as the feature map input to GVF, GGVF and PE computation.…”