“…As the primary effector cells of nonspecific immunity, macrophages play a key role in orchestrating immunoinflammatory responses and tissue repair by releasing cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines to determine the fate of biomaterials [ 4 ]. In response to a variety of biophysical/biochemical signals, macrophages can be activated to a proinflammatory M1 phenotype, secreting inflammatory cytokines and participating as effector cells to resist intracellular pathogens, or an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, which has been found to take part in the alleviation of inflammation and the promotion of angiogenesis and tissue remodeling [ 56 ]. In particular, biomaterial-mediated regulation of macrophage polarization toward a balanced M1/M2 or predominantly M2 phenotype facilitated neovascularization, MSC recruitment, and osteogenesis, which could ensure successful long-term implantation in bone healing [ 5 ].…”