3D Bioprinted Scaffolds for Tissue Repair and Regeneration

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has emerged as a revolutionary manufacturing strategy that could realize rapid prototyping and customization. It has revolutionized the manufacturing process in the fields of electronics, energy, bioengineering and sensing. Based on digital model files, powdered metal, plastic and other materials were used to construct the required objects by printing layer by layer. In addition, 3D printing possesses remarkable advantages in realizing controllable compositions and complex structures, which could further produce 3D objects with anisotropic functions. In recent years, 3D bioprinting technology has been applied to manufacture functional tissue engineering scaffolds with its ability to assemble complicated construction under precise control, which has attracted great attention. Bioprinting creates 3D scaffolds by depositing and assembling biological and/or non-biological materials with an established tissue. Compared with traditional technology, it can create a structure tailored to the patient according to the medical images. This conception of 3D bioprinting draws on 3D printing technology, which could be utilized to produce personalized implants, thereby opening up a new way for bio-manufacturing methods. As a promising tool, 3D bioprinting can create complex and delicate biomimetic 3D structures, simulating extracellular matrix and preparing high precision multifunctional scaffolds with uniform cell distribution for tissue repair and regeneration. It can also be flexibly combined with other technologies such as electrospinning and thermally induced phase separation, suitable for tissue repair and regeneration. This article reviews the relevant research and progress of 3D bioprinting in tissue repair and regeneration in recent years. Firstly, we will introduce the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of biological scaffolds prepared by 3D bioprinting from several aspects. Secondly, the significant effects of 3D bioprinting on nerves, skin, blood vessels, bones and cartilage injury and regeneration are further expounded. Finally, some views on the clinical challenges and future opportunities of 3D bioprinting are put forward.

Emerging perspectives on 3D printed bioreactors for clinical translation of engineered and bioprinted tissue constructs

“…5 Therefore, the 3D printed scaffolds/bioprinted tissues should possess features such as (i) cell binding motifs, (ii) porous structure for proper diffusion of nutrients and cell migration, (iii) mechanical stability, (iv) biodegradability at a defined rate and (v) biocompatibility (nonimmunogenic/non-toxic) to promote clinical translation. 6 The TE field often endeavours to develop functional tissue grafts by culturing tissue-equivalent structures in a static in vitro culture environment. Static culture condition can only provide adequate cell maturation in the scaffold with limited tissue functionalization.…”

“…5 Therefore, the 3D printed scaffolds/bioprinted tissues should possess features such as (i) cell binding motifs, (ii) porous structure for proper diffusion of nutrients and cell migration, (iii) mechanical stability, (iv) biodegradability at a defined rate and (v) biocompatibility (non-immunogenic/non-toxic) to promote clinical translation. 6…”

Prioritizing Biomaterial Driven Clinical Bioactivity Over Designing Intricacy during Bioprinting of Trabecular Microarchitecture: A Clinician’s Perspective

“…1,2 The ultimate requirement of any scaffold in bone tissue engineering is to demonstrate its efficacy in forming a predictable quantity of good quality bone. 3 The unique arrangement of trabecular structures influences tissue properties at various levels from cellular behavior to biomechanical performance. Cells within these architectures experience diverse microenvironments, affecting their proliferation, differentiation, and overall function.…”

“…The ultimate requirement of any scaffold in bone tissue engineering is to demonstrate its efficacy in forming a predictable quantity of good quality bone . The unique arrangement of trabecular structures influences tissue properties at various levels from cellular behavior to biomechanical performance.…”

A chitosan-coated PCL/nano-hydroxyapatite aerogel integrated with a nanofiber membrane for providing antibacterial activity and guiding bone regeneration

“…[37][38][39] Some studies have successfully fabricated 3D nanofiber aerogel scaffolds and demonstrated their ability to enhance bone regeneration and repair. [40][41][42] Compared with nanofiber membranes, aerogels have larger pores, which can promote the adhesion and migration of bone cells and promote bone repair and regeneration to a greater extent. In addition, research is being conducted on the preparation of guided bone regeneration scaffolds with biofunctions, particularly the antibacterial and osteogenesis capabilities.…”