Untitled

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine physico-chemical characteristics and nutrient levels on a monthly basis of the rivers of the Eastern Black Sea region with an average flow rate of about 10 m 3 /sec and above, including Kızılırmak, Yeşilırmak, Melet, Pazarsuyu, Aksu, Harşit, Değirmendere, Solaklı, İyidere, Büyükdere, Fırtına, Çağlayan and Kapistre.The highest annual average values for electrical conductivity (EC), reactive phosphate (o-PO4), ammonium (NH4), nitrite (NO2), sulphate (SO4) and hardness were determined as 1.16 ±0.29 mS/cm, 0.81±0.66 µM, 11.6±10.4 µM, 2.83±3.1 µM, 333±74 mg/L ve 407±47 mg CaCO3, respectively, in Kızılırmak (Samsun); the highest turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS) and organic matter (as permanganate index) as 191±99 FTU, 232±137 mg/L and 4.12±2.14 mg O/L respectively in Değirmendere (Trabzon); the highest silicate concentration in Melet (Ordu) as 305±47 µM; the highest nitrate concentration in İyidere (Rize) as 124±79 µM; and the highest chlorophyll-a levels in Yeşilırmak (Samsun) as 1.98±1.70 µg/L. As a result of cluster analyses, it was established that Kızılırmak river is in a group different from that of other rivers in terms of sulfate, hardness and electrical conductivity and the rivers situated in eastern part of the region is more acidic than those in the west in terms of pH. Data obtained from the study were evaluated according to Water Quality criteria and water quality classes of the rivers were identified by parameters.Keywords: Eastern Black Sea, river, nutrient levels, physico-chemical levels, land based pollutants. Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Nutrient Levels of the Eastern Black Sea Rivers ÖzetBu çalışma, Doğu Karadeniz'e dökülen, akarsulardan ortalama debileri yaklaşık 10 m 3 /sn ve üzerinde olan Kızılırmak, Yeşilırmak, Melet, Pazarsuyu, Aksu, Harşit, Değirmendere, Solaklı, İyidere, Büyükdere, Fırtına, Çağlayan ve Kapistre deresinin fizikokimyasal karakteristikleri ve besin elementi düzeylerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla aylık periyotlarla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Parametrelere ait yıllık ortalama değerler incelendiğinde en yüksek EC, o-PO4, NH4, NO2, SO4 ve sertlik değerleri sırasıyla 1,16 ±0.29 mS/cm, 0,81±0.66 µM, 11,6±10,4 µM, 2,83±3.1 µM, 333±74 mg/L ve 407±47 mg CaCO3 olarak Kızılırmak nehrinde, en yüksek Turbidite, toplam askıda katı madde ve permanganat indeksi değerlerinin 191±99 FTU, 232±137 mg/L ve 4,12±2,14 mg O/L olarak Değirmendere deresinde, en yüksek silikat (Si) değerlerinin 305±47 µM olarak Melet ırmağında, en yüksek nitrat derişimlerinin 124±79 µM olarak İyidere deresinde ve en yüksek klorofil-a değerleri ise 1,98±1,70 µg/L olarak Yeşilırmak nehrinde belirlenmiştir. Sınıflandırma analizleri sonucunda, sülfat, sertlik ve elektriksel iletkenlik yönünden Kızılırmak nehrinin diğer akarsulardan farklı bir sınıfta yer aldığı, pH yönüyle ise bölgenin doğusundaki akarsuların batıdakilere gore daha asidik özellik taşıdığı belirlenmiştir Çalışmada elde edilen veriler Su Kalite kriterlerine göre değerlendirilmiş ve parametrelere göre akarsular...

Comparison of traditional and commercial kefir microorganism compositions and inhibitory effects on certain pathogens

“…directly passes through the digestive tract, that its optimum temperature requirement is 37°C and that it inhibits the development of many pathogenic microorganisms indicate its probiotic specificity. [20] Witthuhn et al have reported that LAB in kefir grains range from 6.40E+04 cfu/gmL to 8.50E+08 cfu/gmL and yeast levels range from 1.50E+05 to 3.70E+08 cfu/ gmL. Yeast levels in various kefir products have been reported to range from 1E+03 cfu/gmL to 1E+06 cfu/gmL.…”

Multivariance analysis on the distribution of micro-macro elements and their derivates at Meriç River (Thrace Region, Turkey)

“…They are called macro elements and they can enter into aquatic ecosystems in many ways (Çepel, 1996;Bolat & Kara, 2017). Especially nitrogen and phosphorus are necessary for the biochemical cycle but their excessive amounts lead to eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems (Alkan et al, 2013). Also, some elements (Fe, Cl, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mo, B, Ni) are called micro elements.…”

“…Although these are necessary to aquatic plants, their high concentrations lead to toxic effects (Çepel, 1996;Bolat & Kara, 2017). High concentration levels of micro and macro elements play an important role in pollution of aquatic ecosystems (Webber, 1981;Alkan et al, 2013). Also, some micro elements can accumulate in sediment, lead to deterioration of water quality, and they reach all organisms by the food web (Seven et al, 2018).…”