“…The involvement of glia in neuropathic pain gives us great hint that glia might be a key modulator during inflammatory pain. Despite some conflicting reports (Clark et al, 2007;Lin et al, 2007;Lindia et al, 2005;Parkitna et al, 2006), most evidence showed that spinal microglia and astrocytes were activated by subcutaneous injections of complete Freund's adjuvant (Lindia et al, 2005;Raghavendra et al, 2004b), phospholipase A2 (Raghavendra et al, 2000), snake venom , formalin (Guo et al, 2005;Lan et al, 2007;Sweitzer et al, 1999;Watkins et al, 1997) and zymosan (Sweitzer et al, 1999). Studies from Deleo's group showed sustained microglia activation at the transcriptional level as evident by the upregulation of the mRNA encoding for the microglial markers: Mac-1, TLR4, and CD14 at the lumbar spinal cord during the acute, subacute and chronic phases of CFA-induced peripheral inflammation.…”