Carbohydrates in allergy: from disease to novel immunotherapies

Precise Assembly of Proteins and Carbohydrates for Next-Generation Biomaterials

“…During oncogenesis, on the one hand, tumor-associated glycosylation is often changing by increasing branching of complex N -glycans, truncating O -glycans, and altering sialylation, leading to inhibition of anticancer immune responses by binding to sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins (Siglecs) expressed by immune cells, including natural killer cells (NKs), dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and so on. − On the other hand, overexpression of galectins that recognize β-galactoside and mediate interactions between cancer cells and immune cells is frequent in cancer cells, resulting in disrupted immunological signaling . Furthermore, C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) expressed by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as macrophages and DCs are known to bind with carbohydrates, which are involved in immunity, tumor invasion, and metastasis . These characteristics based on carbohydrate–receptor interactions provide an opportunity to use multivalent carbohydrate-based self-assemblies, as antigens and vaccines to generate high-affinity antibody responses and enhance immunological reactions. − …”

“…166 Furthermore, C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) expressed by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as macrophages and DCs are known to bind with carbohydrates, which are involved in immunity, tumor invasion, and metastasis. 169 These characteristics based on carbohydrate−receptor interactions provide an opportunity to use multivalent carbohydrate-based self-assemblies, as antigens and vaccines to generate high-affinity antibody responses and enhance immunological reactions. 170−175 Many works have focused on the CLRs-mediated signaling pathway, due to the advantage of producing antigen-specific immune responses.…”

Inhalant Mammal-Derived Lipocalin Allergens and the Innate Immunity

“…Indeed, TLRs and CLRs together with other PRRs, such as NOD-like receptors (NLR), RIG-I-like receptors (RLR) or protease-activated receptors (PAR), are implicated in the allergic sensitization and/or inflammation ( 214 – 218 ). As exemplified above, their effects on allergenic processes appear to be variable, depending on various factors such as the dosage of ligands, in that they can either enhance or prevent allergenicity ( 214 , 215 , 217 , 218 ).…”

Modular Platform of Carbohydrates-modified Supramolecular Polymers Based on Dendritic Peptide Scaffolds

“…35−41 Among them, the carbohydrate-peptide supramolecular polymers are especially highlighted by the structural diversity and complexity. 38−42 Moreover, carbohydrates play an important role in mediating intercellular communication and modulating immune responses, 43,44 and small molecular glycopeptides show excellent properties in anti-pathogen and intracellular delivery. 45−48 Therefore, the glycopeptide supramolecular polymers with multivalent presentation of carbohydrates are highly available for the fabrication of immunerelevant biomaterials to address cancer, bacterial and viral pathogens.…”

“…For example, the assembly and disassembly of microtubules constructed by tubulins are dynamic and reversible, which is critical for microtubules to support the morphology and movement of cells and control the directional movement of intracellular particles and organelles . Inspired by the important role of supramolecular architectures in biological systems, many artificial supramolecular biomaterials with impressive properties and functions have been developed for biomedical applications. − In the past decades, peptide-based assemblies have received extensive attention due to their biomimetic chemical and mechanical properties, high biodegradability, and good biocompatibility. − Since the first example of supramolecular polymers based on amphiphilic peptide molecules was reported by Stupp and co-workers, various supramolecular interactions have been successively applied to peptide-based self-assembly systems, resulting in spherical, cylindrical, sheet and tubular polypeptide assemblies. − Meanwhile, well-established synthetic methods of peptide building blocks enable the introduction of other biomolecules, such as nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates, for transducing biological signals and modulating cellular behavior. − Among them, the carbohydrate-peptide supramolecular polymers are especially highlighted by the structural diversity and complexity. − Moreover, carbohydrates play an important role in mediating intercellular communication and modulating immune responses, , and small molecular glycopeptides show excellent properties in anti-pathogen and intracellular delivery. − Therefore, the glycopeptide supramolecular polymers with multivalent presentation of carbohydrates are highly available for the fabrication of immune-relevant biomaterials to address cancer, bacterial and viral pathogens. , However, due to the complexity of carbohydrates, the generation of appropriate glycopeptide monomers is the foundation as well as the limiting step of fabricating diverse glycopeptide supramolecular polymers. − Therefore, a modular approach to present the various carbohydrates, especially oli...…”