34-Year-Old Woman With Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Chronic Diarrhea

Fortes, Blake H; Dilmaghani, Saam; Ryan, Samantha

doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.12.043

Cited by 2 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…optical microscopy, molecular methods, or both, applied to stool, water and food samples. Most frequently the wet mount observation, but also Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) acid fast staining and its modifications or other staining methods required for some species were applied [33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. These methods allow identification based on morphological features such as cell dimensions, shape and presence of cilia or flagella.…”

Section: Waterborne and Foodborne Protozoan Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These methods allow identification based on morphological features such as cell dimensions, shape and presence of cilia or flagella. For example, cryptosporidia oocysts are small (4-6 μm in diameter), while Cyclospora, and Cystoisospora form large oocysts with a diameter of 20-33 μm [35].…”

Section: Waterborne and Foodborne Protozoan Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Often, patients infected with C. belli are asymptomatic carriers before contracting HIV and become symptomatic once infected with HIV. Symptoms can occur in HIV-positive patients regardless of CD4 count, suggesting the absence of a protective CD4 count threshold [35]. Moreover, cystoisosporiasis recurrences are increasingly observed in HIV/AIDS patients and its chronicity could be related to the reactivation of the tissue cysts formed in extra-intestinal organs or the lamina propria of the intestine.…”

Section: Diseases Caused By C Bellimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent cases in immunocompromised patients regarded a 66-year-old male patient in İstanbul, Turkey, with myeloma relapse and severe and persistent watery diarrhea who was treated empirically with metronidazole and ciprofloxacin before C. belli oocysts detection in the duodenum [36], and 6 HIV infected patients including a 25-year-old kidney transplanted male patient with deteriorated renal function who experienced alternating diarrhea and constipation for one year [66], a 45-year-old Nigerian woman with disseminated Kaposi sarcoma, watery diarrhea and gastrointestinal bleeding [19], a 57-year-old man in Antioquia, Colombia, who experienced a fourmonth history of diarrhea, other intestinal symptoms and weight loss [35], a 34-year-old woman with also chronic hepatitis B, latent tuberculosis, and Helicobacter pylori infection hospitalized in Mayo Clinic for abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea lasting for one year, a 61-year-old male, with a very low CD4 cell count, with watery diarrhea for one-month and a dramatic weight loss who presented multiple erosions and ulcers in colon and C. oocysts belli detected in stools [220], and a 27year-old male patient in Cameroon who contracted persistent diarrhea in Morocco and required hemodynamic support in a intensive care unit (ICU) and presented C. belli oocysts in the duodenum [221].…”

Section: Diseases Caused By C Bellimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In all mentioned cases, C. belli infection was successfully treated with TMP-SMX [35,36,65,66,220,221] which should be administered as a long-term maintenance therapy in HIV patients [20].…”

Section: Diseases Caused By C Bellimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Protozoan Infections Acquired from Food or Drinking Water: An Update

Rossi,

Amadoro,

Santonicola

et al. 2024

Preprint

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This review summarizes the most recent developments of research on protozoan parasite infections ac-quired through food and drinking water and is aimed at gathering updated knowledge on the risk factors, illnesses caused, and measures for prevention. Reports included dated from 2019 to the present and regarded recent outbreaks and cases of severe infec-tions, prevalence in different population segments and food handlers, and occurrence in food and drinking water. Cryptosporidium spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis, Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii were the microorganisms most frequently involved in large outbreaks and/or severe infections, while Cyclospora cayetanensis was most frequently involved in single case reports. Cystoisospora belli was implied in severe infections in immunocompromised patients, while Blastocystis homi-nis, Sarcocystis spp., Dientamoeba fragilis, Endolimax nana and Pentatrichomonas hominis appeared to be less relevant for number of symptomatic infections and pathogenic potential. A progressive improvement in surveillance of protozoan infections and infection sources was highlighted, especially in developed countries. The apparent increase in cases was concomitant with the implementa-tion of reporting systems and the application of molecular diagnostic methods that represent valuable in-struments for establishing epidemiological links and preventing or limiting outbreaks. The pathogenic role and sources of infection should be better elucidated for some species.

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Section: Waterborne and Foodborne Protozoan Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Waterborne and Foodborne Protozoan Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Diseases Caused By C Bellimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Diseases Caused By C Bellimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Diseases Caused By C Bellimentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Protozoan Infections Acquired from Food or Drinking Water: An Update

Rossi,

Amadoro,

Santonicola

et al. 2024

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Food and Drinking Water as Sources of Pathogenic Protozoans: An Update

Rossi,

Santonicola,

Amadoro

et al. 2024

Applied Sciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This narrative review was aimed at collecting updated knowledge on the risk factors, illnesses caused, and measures for the prevention of protozoan infections transmitted by food and drinking water. Reports screened dated from 2019 to the present and regarded global prevalence in food handlers, occurrence in food and drinking water, impact on human health, and recently reported outbreaks and cases of severe infections attributable to the dietary route. Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora cayetanensis, Entamoeba histolytica, and Cystoisospora belli were the protozoans most frequently involved in recently reported waterborne and foodborne outbreaks and cases. Blastocystis hominis was reported to be the most widespread intestinal protozoan in humans, and two case reports indicated its pathogenic potential. Dientamoeba fragilis, Endolimax nana, and Pentatrichomonas hominis are also frequent but still require further investigation on their ability to cause illness. A progressive improvement in surveillance of protozoan infections and infection sources took place in developed countries where the implementation of reporting systems and the application of molecular diagnostic methods led to an enhanced capacity to identify epidemiological links and improve the prevention of foodborne and waterborne protozoan infections.

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34-Year-Old Woman With Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Chronic Diarrhea

Cited by 2 publications

References 11 publications

Protozoan Infections Acquired from Food or Drinking Water: An Update

Protozoan Infections Acquired from Food or Drinking Water: An Update

Food and Drinking Water as Sources of Pathogenic Protozoans: An Update

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