Tracking COVID-19 with wastewater to understand asymptomatic transmission

Wannigama, Dhammika Leshan; Amarasiri, Mohan; Hurst, Cameron; Phattharapornjaroen, Phatthranit; Abe, Shuichi; Hongsing, Parichart; Rad, Seyed Mohammad Ali Hosseini; Pearson, Lachlan; Saethang, Thammakorn; Luk-in, Sirirat; Kueakulpattana, Naris; Storer, Robin James; Ounjai, Puey; Jacquet, Alain; Leelahavanichkul, Asada; Chatsuwan, Tanittha

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.05.005

Cited by 37 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Since SARS–CoV–2 are excreted in the faeces of COVID-19 infected people, an increased emphasis should be laid on surveillance through wastewater-based epidemiology ( Nghiem et al, 2020 ) in order to predict upcoming waves or outbreaks of the virus ( Wannigama et al, 2021 ). Hence, developed as well as developing nations should use WBE tools for public health surveillance during and after the COVID-19 pandemic to gather epidemiological data and support suitable disinfection measures of the wastewater recycling process to make water useable.…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 Rna Detection Methods In Wastewater and Wastewater-based Epidemiology (Wbe)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It means that a single person can discard billions of copies of SARS–CoV–2 RNA, thereby contaminating the wastewater ( Trottier et al, 2020 ). A recent study held at Bangkok Metropolitan and suburbs attempted to track the occurrence of COVID-19 in wastewater for understanding the asymptomatic transmission and exposed the increasing count of SARS–CoV–2 RNA in the wastewater in line with the growing number of COVID positive patients ( Wannigama et al, 2021 ). Additionally, the viral RNA has been found in the faeces of almost 15–83% SARS–CoV–2 infected patients ( Foladori et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review on detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater in light of the current knowledge of treatment process for removal of viral fragments

Sangkham

2021

Journal of Environmental Management

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The entire globe is affected by the novel disease of coronavirus 2019 (COVID–19 or 2019–nCoV), which is formally recognised as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV–2). The World Health Organisation (WHO) announced this disease as a global pandemic. The presence of SARS-CoV–2 RNA in unprocessed wastewater has become a cause of worry due to these emerging pathogens in the process of wastewater treatment, as reported in the present study. This analysis intends to interpret the destiny, environmental factors and route of transmission of SARS–CoV–2, along with its eradication by treating the wastewater for controlling and preventing its further spread. Different recovery estimations of the virus have been depicted by the detection of SARS-CoV–2 RNA in wastewater through the viral concentration techniques. Most frequently used viral concentration techniques include polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, ultrafiltration, electronegative membrane, and ultracentrifugation, after which the detection and quantification of SARS-CoV–2 RNA are done in wastewater samples through quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT–qPCR). The wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) holds the key responsibility of eliminating pathogens prior to the discharge of wastewater into surface water bodies. The removal of SARS–CoV–2 RNA at the treatment stage is dependent on the operations of wastewater treatment systems during the outbreak of the virus; particularly, in the urban and extensively populated regions. Efficient primary, secondary and tertiary methods of wastewater treatment and disinfection can reduce or inactivate SARS–CoV–2 RNA before being drained out. Nonetheless, further studies regarding COVID-19-related disinfectants, environment conditions and viral concentrations in each treatment procedure, implications on the environment and regular monitoring of transmission need to be done urgently. Hence, monitoring the SARS–CoV–2 RNA in samples of wastewater under the procedure of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) supplement the real-time data pertaining to the investigation of the COVID-19 pandemic in the community, regional and national levels.

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Section: Sars-cov-2 Rna Detection Methods In Wastewater and Wastewater-based Epidemiology (Wbe)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater in light of the current knowledge of treatment process for removal of viral fragments

Sangkham

2021

Journal of Environmental Management

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“…Teams from across the world have reported the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in municipal wastewaters ( Ahmed et al, 2020 ; Fitzgerald et al, 2021 ; Giraud-Billoud et al, 2021 ; Haramoto et al, 2020 ; Kumar et al, 2020 ; La Rosa et al, 2020 ; Medema et al, 2020 ; Miyani et al, 2021 ; Nemudryi et al, 2020 ; Peccia et al, 2020 ; Randazzo et al, 2020 ; Rusiñol et al, 2021 ; Sherchan et al, 2021 ; Westhaus et al, 2021 ; Wu et al, 2021 ; Wu et al, 2020a ; Wurtzer et al, 2020 ). These studies have shown that WBE is suitable for spatial and temporal monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 across diverse communities ( Kitajima et al, 2020 ), serves as a leading indicator correlating strongly with future diagnosed cases, hospitalizations and deaths ( Miyani et al, 2021 ; Zhu et al, 2021 ), predicts the burden of undiagnosed infections at the population level ( Bivins et al, 2020 ; Daughton, 2020 ; Nemudryi et al, 2020 ; Wannigama et al, 2021 ) and can play a key role in optimizing public health decision-making ( Daughton, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal SARS-CoV-2 RNA wastewater monitoring across a range of scales correlates with total and regional COVID-19 burden in a well-defined urban population

et al. 2022

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“…Normalization of SARS-CoV-2 RNA counts by various fecal markers such as crAssphage (Wilder et al, 2021) or pepper mild mottle virus (Graham et al, 2021;Wu et al, 2020) has been used to tune wastewater data for correlation with COVID-19 cases. These approaches reflect an assumption that SARS-CoV-2 RNA loading in domestic wastewater is primarily driven by fecal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 RNA (Ahmed et al, 2020a;Wannigama et al, 2021;Wolfe et al, 2021). However, a recent study reporting near-source monitoring of wastewater from primary and secondary schools raises the potential for other shedding routes to contribute to the SARS-CoV-2 RNA load in wastewater (Gutierrez et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding routes to RNA loads in wastewater

Crank

Chen

Bivins

et al. 2022

Science of The Total Environment

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A portion of those infected with SARS-CoV-2 shed the virus and its genetic material in respiratory fluids, saliva, urine, and stool, thus giving the potential to monitor for infections via wastewater. Wastewater surveillance efforts to date have largely assumed that stool shedding has been the primary source of SARS-CoV-2 RNA signal; however, there are increasing questions about the possible contribution of other shedding routes, with implications for wastewater surveillance design and feasibility. In this study we used clinical SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding data and a Monte Carlo framework to assess the relative contribution of various shedding routes on SARS-CoV-2 RNA loads in wastewater. Stool shedding dominated total SARS-CoV-2 RNA load for community-level surveillance, with mean contributions more than two orders of magnitude greater than other shedding routes. However, RNA loads were more nuanced when considering building-level monitoring efforts designed to identify a single infected individual, where any shedding route could plausibly contribute a detectable signal. The greatest source of model variability was viral load in excreta, suggesting that future modeling efforts may be improved by incorporating specific modeling scenarios with precise SARS-CoV-2 shedding data, and beyond that wastewater surveillance must continue to account for large variability during data analysis and reporting. Importantly, the findings imply that wastewater surveillance at finer spatial scales is not entirely dependent on shedding via feces for sensitive detection of infections thus enlarging the potential use cases of wastewater as a non-intrusive surveillance methodology.

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Tracking COVID-19 with wastewater to understand asymptomatic transmission

Cited by 37 publications

References 13 publications

A review on detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater in light of the current knowledge of treatment process for removal of viral fragments

A review on detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater in light of the current knowledge of treatment process for removal of viral fragments

Longitudinal SARS-CoV-2 RNA wastewater monitoring across a range of scales correlates with total and regional COVID-19 burden in a well-defined urban population

Contribution of SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding routes to RNA loads in wastewater

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