Plasma membrane targeted photodynamic O2 economizer for hypoxic tumor therapy

Backbone flexibility/amphiphilicity modulation of AIE active polyelectrolytes for mitochondria- and nucleus-targeted synergistic photodynamic therapy of cancer cells

“…Besides, the potency of the cancer ablation of S4 + D4 also surpasses most of the previously reported photosensitizers that target to other organelle/organelles (Table S2, ESI†). 78–82 However, the SD4 group, which might target both the mitochondria and the nucleus as well, only showed slightly higher cytotoxicity than S4 and much lower cytotoxicity than D4 . This result does not necessarily contradict with the aforementioned synergistic effect.…”

A cell membrane-targeting AIE photosensitizer as a necroptosis inducer for boosting cancer theranostics

“…18 Therefore, the cell membrane has been recognized as one of the most critical cell organelles and taken as one of the favoured targets for cancer treatment. 19–21 The main structure of the cell membrane is composed of phospholipids, glycoproteins, glycolipids and proteins, and the phospholipid bilayer serves as the skeleton of the cell membrane, 18 giving the cell membrane amphipathic properties and negative charges. 21 To date, many cell membrane-targeting fluorophores have been exploited; 21–27 however their applications towards fluorescence imaging (FLI)-guided PDT were largely restricted due to the respective and collective drawbacks including inferior imaging contrast, small Stokes shifts, severe photobleaching, and insufficient ROS production.…”

Cellular Hypoxia Mitigation by Dandelion-like Nanoparticles for Synergistic Photodynamic Therapy of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

“…However, the above strategies suffer from uncontrolled premature oxygen leakage and low local H 2 O 2 levels in the tumor. Moreover, delivering exogenous oxygen provides the tumor with an oxygen-rich microenvironment, which has the risk of promoting tumor proliferation. − Compared with increasing exogenous oxygen supply, reducing endogenous oxygen consumption is another way to overcome the limitation of hypoxia. − Resveratrol (RES) is a nonflavonoid natural polyphenolic organic compound found in red grape skin and wine, which could inhibit the development of cancer . As a known inhibitor of mitochondrial complex V, RES could act as an “oxygen regulator” at a certain concentration to inhibit cellular oxygen consumption and mitigate the hypoxia of tumor cells. − Therefore, the strategy of RES combined with PDT may achieve synergistic effects by mitigating the hypoxic tumor microenvironment.…”