Prevalence, Serovar, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Nontyphoidal Salmonella in Vegetable, Fruit, and Water Samples in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

A review and meta-analysis of non-typhoidal Salmonella in Vietnam: Challenges to the control and antimicrobial resistance traits of a neglected zoonotic pathogen

“…A survey in the Mekong Delta identified NTS in 12.8% fresh vegetable samples [ 63 ]. Of 160 vegetable samples collected from markets in HCMC, 17.5% were contaminated with NTS [ 64 ]. No studies have been conducted on table or embryonated eggs.…”

“…A study of 72 household waste and agriculture field samples reported a NTS prevalence of 46-79% (concentration 164-1441 MPN/100 mL) [ 46 ]. A study on river and irrigation water detected NTS in 43/141 (30.5%) samples, where river water had highest contamination (75%) [ 64 ]. A study of faecal samples from 101 geckos in the Mekong Delta identified NTS in 23.8%.…”

“…A total of 17 publications reported ARGs in NTS isolates from humans ( N = 5, [ 25 , 28 , 71 , 76 , 77 ]), poultry ( N = 7, [ 37 , 40 , 71 , [76] , [77] , [78] , [79] ]), pigs ( N = 9, [ 37 , 71 , [76] , [77] , [78] , [79] , [80] , [81] , [82] ]), cattle (N = 2, [ 58 , 79 ]), aquaculture (N = 5, [ 40 , 74 , 78 , 83 , 84 ]), vegetables (N = 2, [ 64 , 74 ]) and river water ( N = 1, [ 64 ]). A total of 79 ARGs conferring resistance against 12 antimicrobial classes were identified ( Table 3 ).…”

“…It has been proposed that restricting sales of meat to the cooler morning hours may reduce bacterial contamination [ 43 ]. Given the high prevalence of NTS in vegetables [ 63 , 64 ], and the practice of consuming raw leaf vegetables, we suggest that this could be an additional source of NTS to humans.…”

Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Frequency of bla and qnr Genes in Salmonella enterica Isolated from Slaughtered Pigs

“…A recent survey in Ho Chi Minh City of surface water and produce indicated 17.5% of vegetable samples were positive for Salmonella , and of all isolates recovered, 26.5% were considered MDR Salmonella . The authors suggested that livestock runoff into surface water used for irrigation and agriculture processing were likely contamination sources [ 35 ]. We report that 89.4% of S. enterica isolated from slaughtered pork were non-susceptible to at least one antimicrobial agent and 13.5% were MDR.…”