Abstract:While integrated delivery of anatomy and radiology can support undergraduate anatomical education, the interpretation of complex three-dimensional spatial relationships in crosssectional and radiological images is likely to be demanding for novices. Due to the value of technology-enhanced and multimodal strategies, it was hypothesized that simultaneous digital and physical learning could enhance student understanding of cross-sectional anatomy. A novel learning approach introduced at a United Kingdom universit… Show more
“…The students in this study appreciated the realistic encounters with 3D images rendered from CT and MR images of human bodies. Some research on technology-enhanced learning in anatomy education has reasoned around cognitive load concerning technology-enhanced learning [ 5 , 10 , 13 ]. An assumption that underpins this reasoning is that reduced mental effort will improve learning and the ability to correctly identify anatomical structures.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In a comprehensive essay about integrating 3D visualisation technologies into undergraduate anatomy education, Keenan and Ben Awhad [ 12 ] introduce the modality appropriateness hypothesis, based on theories from the field of cognitive psychology, to inform the use of visual learning methods in anatomy education. The authors used this hypothesis to design an intervention in which they combined visualisation table-based thoracic cross-sections and digital models with a 3D-printed heart [ 13 ]. They conclude that combining multimodal learning approaches can enhance student learning and experience of cross-sectional thoracic anatomy.…”
Background
Many studies have investigated the value of three-dimensional (3D) images in learning anatomy. However, there is a lack of knowledge about students learning processes using technology and 3D images. To understand how to facilitate and support the learning of anatomy, there is a need to know more about the student perspectives on how they can use and benefit from 3D images.
Methods
This study used designed educational sessions informed by Educational Design Research to investigate the role of technology-enhanced 3D images in students’ anatomy learning. Twenty-four students representing different health professions and multiple study levels, and one tutor, participated in the study. A visualisation table was used to display the images of real patient cases related to disorders associated with the abdomen and the brain. Students were asked to explore the images on their own and audio/video capture was used to record their words and actions. Directly following the session, students were interviewed about their perceptions and different ways of learning and studying anatomy. The tutor was interviewed about his reflections on the session and his role as a facilitator on two occasions. Content analysis was used in its manifest and latent form in the data analysis.
Result
Two main categories describing the students’ and tutor’s accounts of learning using the visualisation table were identified: 1. Interpreting 3D images and 2. Educational sessions using visualisation tables. Each category had signifying themes representing interpretations of the latent meaning of the students' and tutor's accounts. These were: Realism and complexity; Processes of discernment; References to previous knowledge; Exploring on one's own is valuable; Context enhances learning experiences; Combinations of learning resources are needed and Working together affects the dynamics.
Conclusions
This study identifies several important factors to be considered when designing effective and rewarding educational sessions using a visualization table and 3D images in anatomy education. Visualisation of authentic images has the potential to create interest and meaningfulness in studying anatomy. Students need time to actively explore images but also get tutor guidance to understand. Also, a combination of different resources comprises a more helpful whole than a single learning resource.
“…The students in this study appreciated the realistic encounters with 3D images rendered from CT and MR images of human bodies. Some research on technology-enhanced learning in anatomy education has reasoned around cognitive load concerning technology-enhanced learning [ 5 , 10 , 13 ]. An assumption that underpins this reasoning is that reduced mental effort will improve learning and the ability to correctly identify anatomical structures.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In a comprehensive essay about integrating 3D visualisation technologies into undergraduate anatomy education, Keenan and Ben Awhad [ 12 ] introduce the modality appropriateness hypothesis, based on theories from the field of cognitive psychology, to inform the use of visual learning methods in anatomy education. The authors used this hypothesis to design an intervention in which they combined visualisation table-based thoracic cross-sections and digital models with a 3D-printed heart [ 13 ]. They conclude that combining multimodal learning approaches can enhance student learning and experience of cross-sectional thoracic anatomy.…”
Background
Many studies have investigated the value of three-dimensional (3D) images in learning anatomy. However, there is a lack of knowledge about students learning processes using technology and 3D images. To understand how to facilitate and support the learning of anatomy, there is a need to know more about the student perspectives on how they can use and benefit from 3D images.
Methods
This study used designed educational sessions informed by Educational Design Research to investigate the role of technology-enhanced 3D images in students’ anatomy learning. Twenty-four students representing different health professions and multiple study levels, and one tutor, participated in the study. A visualisation table was used to display the images of real patient cases related to disorders associated with the abdomen and the brain. Students were asked to explore the images on their own and audio/video capture was used to record their words and actions. Directly following the session, students were interviewed about their perceptions and different ways of learning and studying anatomy. The tutor was interviewed about his reflections on the session and his role as a facilitator on two occasions. Content analysis was used in its manifest and latent form in the data analysis.
Result
Two main categories describing the students’ and tutor’s accounts of learning using the visualisation table were identified: 1. Interpreting 3D images and 2. Educational sessions using visualisation tables. Each category had signifying themes representing interpretations of the latent meaning of the students' and tutor's accounts. These were: Realism and complexity; Processes of discernment; References to previous knowledge; Exploring on one's own is valuable; Context enhances learning experiences; Combinations of learning resources are needed and Working together affects the dynamics.
Conclusions
This study identifies several important factors to be considered when designing effective and rewarding educational sessions using a visualization table and 3D images in anatomy education. Visualisation of authentic images has the potential to create interest and meaningfulness in studying anatomy. Students need time to actively explore images but also get tutor guidance to understand. Also, a combination of different resources comprises a more helpful whole than a single learning resource.
“…Different patient-specific 3D printed models can allow specialists to review both normal and abnormal anatomical structures. In addition, the interpretation of complex three-dimensional spatial relationships in cross-sectional and radiological images can enhance student's interpretation of cross-sectional anatomy [68][69][70].…”
Educational institutions in several countries state that the education sector should be modernized to ensure a contemporary, individualized, and more open learning process by introducing and developing advance digital solutions and learning tools. Visualization along with 3D printing have already found their implementation in different medical fields in Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, and Rīga Stradiņš University, where models are being used for prosthetic manufacturing, surgery planning, simulation of procedures, and student education. The study aimed to develop a detailed methodology for the creation of anatomically correct and optimized models for 3D printing from radiological data using only free and widely available software. In this study, only free and cross-platform software from widely available internet sources has been used—“Meshmixer”, “3D Slicer”, and “Meshlab”. For 3D printing, the Ultimaker 5S 3D printer along with PLA material was used. In its turn, radiological data have been obtained from the “New Mexico Decedent Image Database”. In total, 28 models have been optimized and printed. The developed methodology can be used to create new models from scratch, which can be used will find implementation in different medical and scientific fields—simulation processes, anthropology, 3D printing, bioprinting, and education.
“…Com a viabilização da produção das peças em 3D, por meio da prototipagem rápida, com proporções de alta exatidão em relação aos exemplos reais, esse recurso viabiliza a construção de um banco de dados para que professores e estudantes utilizem esse material nas aulas práticas (Louredo et al, 2019;Awadh et al 2020;Ye et al, 2020). O uso da prototipagem se mostra uma alternativa como solução aos déficits observados como a obtenção de peças cadavéricas e a manutenção desses materiais orgânicos.…”
O processo de criação tridimensional ou manufatura aditiva tem grande futuro dentro da medicina. A aplicação de sucessivas camadas produz objetos com incrível precisão em relação a peça real. A criação de modelos em 3D possibilita uma visualização mais efetiva de estruturas anatômicas facilitando o ensino-aprendizagem, o estudo pré-operatório de cirurgias complexas e até a prática médica com a melhoria da técnica clínica. O presente trabalho demonstra a viabilidade da prototipagem rápida ou impressão digital 3D no processo ensino-aprendizagem na área de anatomia humana estendendo-se entre os campos dos casos clínicos, planejamento cirúrgico e técnicas cirúrgicas. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, baseado em uma revisão integrativa da literatura, com buscas nas bases de dados PubMed, LILACS, SciELO e Google Acadêmico, utilizando os descritores “Impressão Tridimensional”, “Anatomia”, “Educação Médica”. Muitos estudos mostram benefícios evidentes no processo ensino-aprendizagem em anatomia utilizando modelos 3D produzidos com menor custo e grande precisão. Além da aplicabilidade no ambiente acadêmico e profissional ainda há desafios a serem enfrentados como o custo das impressoras e a capacitação para o uso. Nesse sentido, a aplicabilidade dessa tecnologia possui um futuro promissor não só na medicina que envolvem tanto o campo básico do conhecimento quanto na resolução de problemáticas melhorando a eficiência dos profissionais tanto no planejamento quanto na prática cirúrgica.
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