Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. and its bioactive metabolite oleic acid impedes methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation by down regulating adhesion genes expression

Selvaraj, Anthonymuthu; Valliammai, Alaguvel; Premika, Muruganatham; Priya, Arumugam; Bhaskar, James Prabhanand; Krishnan, Venkateswaran; Pandian, Shunmugiah Karutha

doi:10.1016/j.micres.2020.126601

Cited by 38 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…33 This hypothesis suggested that inhibiting the EPS production could affect the biofilm architecture and induce bacterial sensitivity to external factors. 34 The same was observed in the EPS quantification assay, and the result revealed the inhibitory efficiency of carvacrol on EPS production in MRSA. Thereby, carvacrol inhibits biofilm formation of MRSA.…”

Section: ■ Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…Additionally, EPS blocks the penetration of antimicrobials agents and acts as a barrier against the host innate immune system . This hypothesis suggested that inhibiting the EPS production could affect the biofilm architecture and induce bacterial sensitivity to external factors . The same was observed in the EPS quantification assay, and the result revealed the inhibitory efficiency of carvacrol on EPS production in MRSA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

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Carvacrol Targets SarA and CrtM of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus to Mitigate Biofilm Formation and Staphyloxanthin Synthesis: An In Vitro and In Vivo Approach

et al. 2020

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Carvacrol is an essential oil traditionally used in culinary processes as spice due to its aromatic nature and also known for various biological activities. In the present study, the antivirulence efficacy of carvacrol against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is explored. MRSA is an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing various superficial and systemic infections in humans. Biofilm formation and virulence factors of MRSA are responsible for its pathogenesis and resistance. Hence, the aim of this study was to explore the antibiofilm and antivirulence efficacy of carvacrol against MRSA. Carvacrol at 75 μg/mL inhibited MRSA biofilm by 93%, and it also decreased the biofilm formation on polystyrene and glass surfaces. Further, microscopic analyses revealed the reduction in microcolony formation and collapsed structure of biofilm upon carvacrol treatment. The growth curve analysis and the Alamar blue assay showed the nonfatal effect of carvacrol on MRSA. Further, carvacrol significantly reduced the production of MRSA biofilm-associated slime and extracellular polysaccharide. In addition, carvacrol strongly inhibited the antioxidant pigment staphyloxanthin and its intermediates' synthesis in MRSA. Inhibition of biofilm and staphyloxanthin by carvacrol enhanced the susceptibility of MRSA to oxidants and healthy human blood. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis unveiled the downregulation of sarA-mediated biofilm gene expression and staphyloxanthin-associated crtM gene expression. The sarA-dependent antibiofilm potential of carvacrol was validated using S. aureus Newman wild-type and isogenic ΔsarA strains. In silico molecular docking analysis showed the high binding efficacy of carvacrol with staphylococcal accessory regulator A (SarA) and 4,4′diapophytoene synthase (CrtM) when compared to positive controls. Furthermore, the in vivo efficacy of carvacrol against MRSA infection was demonstrated using the model organism Galleria mellonella. The results revealed the nontoxic nature of carvacrol to the larvae and the rescuing potential of carvacrol against MRSA infection. Finally, the current study reveals the potential of carvacrol in inhibiting the biofilm formation and staphyloxanthin synthesis of MRSA by targeting the global regulator SarA and a novel antivirulence target CrtM.

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Section: ■ Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Carvacrol Targets SarA and CrtM of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus to Mitigate Biofilm Formation and Staphyloxanthin Synthesis: An In Vitro and In Vivo Approach

et al. 2020

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“…The quantity of eDNA was determined as previously described [ 69 ], with some modifications. P. aeruginosa IBRS P001 was grown in 96-well plates (Sarstedt, Germany) containing TSB enriched with 2% glucose and rutin (0.25–1 MIC), at 37 °C for 24 h. Subsequently, the planktonic cells were removed, and the wells were washed with PBS.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyphenols as Inhibitors of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria—Mechanisms Underlying Rutin Interference with Bacterial Virulence

et al. 2022

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The rising incidence of antibiotic resistant microorganisms urges novel antimicrobials development with polyphenols as appealing potential therapeutics. We aimed to reveal the most promising polyphenols among hesperetin, hesperidin, naringenin, naringin, taxifolin, rutin, isoquercitrin, morin, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and gallic acid based on antimicrobial capacity, antibiofilm potential, and lack of cytotoxicity towards HaCaT, and to further test its antivirulence mechanisms. Although the majority of studied polyphenols were able to inhibit bacterial growth and biofilm formation, the most promising activities were observed for rutin. Further investigation proved rutin's ability to prevent/eradicate Pseudomonas aeruginosa and MRSA urinary catheter biofilms. Besides reduction of biofilm biomass, rutin antibiofilm mechanisms included reduction of cell viability, exopolysaccharide, and extracellular DNA levels. Moderate reduction of bacterial adhesion to human keratinocytes upon treatment was observed. Rutin antivirulence mechanisms included an impact on P. aeruginosa protease, pyocyanin, rhamnolipid, and elastase production and the downregulation of the lasI, lasR, rhlI, rhlR, pqsA and mvfR genes. Rutin also interfered with membrane permeability. Polyphenols could repress antibiotic resistant bacteria. Rutin has shown wide antimicrobial and antibiofilm capacity employing a range of mechanisms that might be used for the development of novel antimicrobials.

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“…Furthermore, sepsis and nosocomial infections are considered common consequences of staphylococcal infections (Kourtis et al, 2019). The methicillin-resistant (MRSA) strains present an even more serious problem for human health and treatments (Selvaraj et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elucidating the antibiofilm activity of Frangula emodin against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms

Đukanović

Ganić

Lončarević

et al. 2022

Journal of Applied Microbiology

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Aims: Because the Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most well-known pathogens associated with medical devices and nosocomial infections, the aim of the study was to examine antibiofilm potential of emodin against it.Methods and Results: Antibacterial activity was examined through microdilution assay. Antibiofilm testing included crystal violet staining of biofilm biomass and morphology analysis by Atomic force microscopy (AFM). Furthermore, aerobic respiration was monitored using the Micro-Oxymax respirometer. For investigation of gene expression qRT-PCR was performed. Emodin demonstrated strong antibacterial activity and ability to inhibit biofilm formation of all tested strains. The effect on preformed biofilms was spotted in few strains. AFM revealed that emodin affects biofilm structure and roughness. Monitoring of respiration under emodin treatment in planktonic and biofilm form revealed that emodin influenced aerobic respiration.Moreover, qRT-PCR showed that emodin modulates expression of icaA, icaD, srrA and srrB genes, as well as RNAIII, and that this activity was strain-specific. Conclusion:The results obtained in this study indicate the novel antibiofilm activity of emodin and its multiple pathways of action. Significance and Impact of Study:This is the first study that examined pathways through which emodin expressed its antibiofilm activity.

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Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. and its bioactive metabolite oleic acid impedes methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation by down regulating adhesion genes expression

Cited by 38 publications

References 53 publications

Carvacrol Targets SarA and CrtM of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus to Mitigate Biofilm Formation and Staphyloxanthin Synthesis: An In Vitro and In Vivo Approach

Carvacrol Targets SarA and CrtM of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus to Mitigate Biofilm Formation and Staphyloxanthin Synthesis: An In Vitro and In Vivo Approach

Polyphenols as Inhibitors of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria—Mechanisms Underlying Rutin Interference with Bacterial Virulence

Elucidating the antibiofilm activity of Frangula emodin against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms

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