316L stainless steel mechanical and tribological behavior—A comparison between selective laser melting, hot pressing and conventional casting

Bartolomeu, F.; Buciumeanu, M.; Pinto, E.; Alves, Nuno; Carvalho, Ó.; Silva, Filipe; Miranda, G.

doi:10.1016/j.addma.2017.05.007

Cited by 204 publications

(139 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…of the cellular dendrites microstructure of 316 L steel manufactured by LPBF were consistent with previous reports [5][6][7][18][19][20][21][22]. XRD, EBSD, and TEM analysis carried out in the present investigation revealed a fully austenitic structure in the LPBF 316 L steel.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 80%

“…XRD, EBSD, and TEM analysis carried out in the present investigation revealed a fully austenitic structure in the LPBF 316 L steel. These results were similar to the ones reported in [7,[18][19][20][21][22], while contradicting the authors in [23,24], where delta ferrite or martensite was observed.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 39%

“…Quite remarkable variations of yield strength (300-600 MPa), ultimate tensile strength (350-650 MPa), and elongation (10-60%) are usually observed [5,6,[18][19][20][21]29,36,44,46,47]. Higher strength could be associated with fine structure, high dislocation density, cellular structure, and the presence of nanoparticles.…”

Section: Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the laser powder fusion processes, the cellular or cellular-dendritic mode was not uncommon. This type of microstructure has been observed for different engineering alloys like austenitic steels, aluminum alloys Co-Cr, and nickel base alloys [5][6][7][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] manufactured by laser or electron powder bed fusion methods. At the high solidification rates observed in the PBF processes, a solute-rich boundary layer is built up in front of the solid-liquid interface due to the limited solute atom diffusion in the liquid phase, thus approaching the conditions for constitutional supercooling [27].…”

Section: Influence Of Solidification Conditions On Microstructure Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microstructure, Solidification Texture, and Thermal Stability of 316 L Stainless Steel Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Krakhmalev

Fredriksson

Svensson

et al. 2018

Metals

140

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This article overviews the scientific results of the microstructural features observed in 316 L stainless steel manufactured by the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) method obtained by the authors, and discusses the results with respect to the recently published literature. Microscopic features of the LPBF microstructure, i.e., epitaxial nucleation, cellular structure, microsegregation, porosity, competitive colony growth, and solidification texture, were experimentally studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, diffraction methods, and atom probe tomography. The influence of laser power and laser scanning speed on the microstructure was discussed in the perspective of governing the microstructure by controlling the process parameters. It was shown that the three-dimensional (3D) zig-zag solidification texture observed in the LPBF 316 L was related to the laser scanning strategy. The thermal stability of the microstructure was investigated under isothermal annealing conditions. It was shown that the cells formed at solidification started to disappear at about 800 • C, and that this process leads to a substantial decrease in hardness. Colony boundaries, nevertheless, were quite stable, and no significant grain growth was observed after heat treatment at 1050 • C. The observed experimental results are discussed with respect to the fundamental knowledge of the solidification processes, and compared with the existing literature data.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 39%

Section: Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Influence Of Solidification Conditions On Microstructure Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Microstructure, Solidification Texture, and Thermal Stability of 316 L Stainless Steel Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Krakhmalev

Fredriksson

Svensson

et al. 2018

Metals

140

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“…SLM, which is a powder-bed-based additive manufacturing technology, can be used to selectively melt metal powders layer by layer through a highly focused and computer-controlled laser beam [17,18]. It has been used to successfully prepare many kinds of metallic biomaterials, such as stainless steel, alloys of titanium, magnesium, and medical noble metals, and compared with some of the more traditional approaches, it provides superior mechanical properties and a relatively simpler manufacturing process [19,20].In retrospect, some studies around SLM-processed 316L stainless steel with different laser parameters and lattice structure designs have been undertaken [21][22][23]. In order to testify its feasibility as an implant, simple cytotoxicity and biocompatibility tests were conducted while comparing different manufacturing and post-processing methods [24][25][26][27][28].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

316L Stainless Steel Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting and Its Biocompatibility with or without Hydroxyapatite Coating

Luo

Jia

et al. 2018

Metals

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To fabricate metallic 316L/HA (hydroxyapatite) materials which meet the requirements of an implant's mechanical properties and bioactivity for its function as human bone replacement, selective laser melting (SLM) has been employed in this study to prepare a 316L stainless steel matrix, which was subsequently covered with a hydroxyapatite (HA) coating using the sol-gel method. High density (98.9%) as-printed parts were prepared using a laser power of 230 W and a scanning speed of 800 mm/s. Austenite and residual acicular ferrite existed in the microstructure of the as-printed 316L stainless steel, and the sub-grain was uniform, whose primary dendrite spacing was around 0.35 µm. The as-printed 316L stainless steel showed the highest Vickers hardness, elastic modulus, and tensile strength at~(~means about; same applies below unless stated otherwise) 247 HV,~214.2 GPa, and~730 MPa, respectively. The elongation corresponding to the highest tensile strength was~38.8%. The 316L/HA structure, measured by the Relative Growth Rate (RGR) value, exhibited no cell cytotoxicity, and presented better biocompatibility than the uncoated as-printed and as-cast 316L samples.implants to replace shoulders, knees, and other body parts of the human being [7-9]. However, it is difficult to induce good attachment and growth of bone cells from 316L stainless steel and it also has no bioactive capabilities, which increases the likelihood for it to lead to loosening of the implant and premature failure [10][11][12]. The HA coating, however, is likely to provide excellent bioactivity and biocompatibility to metallic implants [13][14][15].For individual patients, mass-produced implants may not completely fulfill their needs. Customized implants, with geometry deriving from their own magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data, are urgently needed [16]. SLM, which is a powder-bed-based additive manufacturing technology, can be used to selectively melt metal powders layer by layer through a highly focused and computer-controlled laser beam [17,18]. It has been used to successfully prepare many kinds of metallic biomaterials, such as stainless steel, alloys of titanium, magnesium, and medical noble metals, and compared with some of the more traditional approaches, it provides superior mechanical properties and a relatively simpler manufacturing process [19,20].In retrospect, some studies around SLM-processed 316L stainless steel with different laser parameters and lattice structure designs have been undertaken [21][22][23]. In order to testify its feasibility as an implant, simple cytotoxicity and biocompatibility tests were conducted while comparing different manufacturing and post-processing methods [24][25][26][27][28]. However, these can hardly solve the problem of poor bioactivity, and may even cause a failure of metallic implants. As a time-honored bio ceramic which realizes higher osteoblast activity, HA material is currently quite popular for its special applications in regenerative implants and bone void fillers [29]. Metallic implants, with ...

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Micromechanical Response of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel Processed by High‐Pressure Torsion

et al. 2020

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Numerous studies have reported attractive properties in ultrafinegrained (UFG) and nanograined (NG) metals and alloys compared with their coarse-grained (CG) counterparts, including significantly higher yields and tensile strengths, [1-3] enhanced wear and corrosion resistance, [4-6] and superplasticity at room temperature (RT). [7,8] It is now accepted that UFG and NG materials are defined as those having grain sizes in the range of 0.1-1 μm and <100 nm, respectively. Such remarkable properties are largely attributed to grain refinement and the generation of large amounts of dislocations in these grain scales, highlighting the benefit of fine grain microstructure. [9,10] To date, severe plastic deformation (SPD) processing has emerged as one of the most popular techniques that can produce bulk metals with UFG and NG microstructures, including equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP), high-pressure torsion (HPT), and accumulative roll bonding (ARB). From these techniques, HPT has been shown as the most effective method to produce true NG structures with large amounts of highangle grain boundaries (GBs) via the application of concurrent compressive force and torsional straining on HPT-processed samples. [11] In contrast, additive manufacturing (AM) has now been utilized to fabricate metallic components for niche engineering applications, e.g., automotive, biomedical, and aerospace, due to its attractive features of design flexibility, time and cost savings, and minimal material waste. [12] Selective laser melting (SLM) is one of the most widely used AM methods in the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) category. As its name implies, SLM uses laser as the heat source to selectively consolidate layers of the powder bed into a complete 3D structure according to the initial computer-aided design (CAD) data. To date, a wide range of alloys have been used to fabricate metallic components using SLM, including 316L stainless steel (316L SS), Inconel 718 (IN 718), AlSi 10 Mg, and Ti6Al4V. [13,14] So far, research on metal AM has focused on optimizing processing parameters to achieve the highest densification levels with minimal porosity or defect contents. [15-28] To minimize

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316L stainless steel mechanical and tribological behavior—A comparison between selective laser melting, hot pressing and conventional casting

Cited by 204 publications

References 35 publications

Microstructure, Solidification Texture, and Thermal Stability of 316 L Stainless Steel Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Microstructure, Solidification Texture, and Thermal Stability of 316 L Stainless Steel Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

316L Stainless Steel Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting and Its Biocompatibility with or without Hydroxyapatite Coating

Micromechanical Response of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel Processed by High‐Pressure Torsion

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