315 Association of Hygiene and Food Related Behaviors With Blood Lead Levels of Young Children From Lead Contaminated Homes

Freeman, Natalie; Etunger, A; Berry, Maurice R.; Rhoads, George G.; Lioy, Paul J.

doi:10.1097/00001648-199503000-00339

Cited by 26 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…More than 60% of the children in this study was reported to eat food that had fallen on the floor. This is consistent with other surveys that found between 43% and 68% of toddlers reported to eat food that had been on the floor ( Freeman et al, 1997 ). Second, children can contaminate the food they eat through transfer of leaded dust adhering to their hands and fingers.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…As has been previously shown with other children ( Freeman et al, 1997;Reed et al, 1999 ), hand washing was an infrequent activity, and did not necessarily precede food consumption. Washing hands before or after eating snacks was reported by less than 50% of the children.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

“…Four standard food items had previously been identified from interviews with parents of inner city children as foods frequently eaten by hand by their children ( Freeman et al, 1997 ). Cheese and apples were identified as items a child might eat after dropping them on the floor and were used to assess the contribution of floor lead to food.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The questionnaire used in this study was described previously (Freeman et al, 1997 ). The questionnaire's primary focus was the child's hygiene and eating habits.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mouthing activities of young children may produce incidental or non -dietary ingestion of environmental contaminants. Hand -to -mouth activities such as mouthing toys and sucking fingers or thumbs are associated with elevated blood lead in young children ( Charney et al, 1980;Bellinger et al, 1986;Baghurst et al, 1992;Langphear et al, 1996;Freeman et al, 1997 ). At the same time, lead levels on children's hands are associated with blood lead levels and with lead levels in homes and playgrounds (Charney et al, 1980;Angle et al, 1984;Bornschein et al, 1985;Que Hee et al, 1985;Thornton et al, 1990 ), and positive correlations exist between lead on children's hands, lead in the environment, and blood lead levels (Angle et al, 1984;Baghurst et al, 1992;Melnyk et al, 2000 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Contribution of children's activities to lead contamination of food

Freeman

Sheldon

Jimenez³

et al. 2001

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study evaluates the relationship of children's hygiene habits and food -handling behaviors on lead levels on hands and handled foods for toddlers living in lead -contaminated homes. Forty -eight inner city toddlers previously identified as having elevated blood lead levels participated in three consecutive days of designated food -handling activities. During the visits, duplicate diets were obtained, the child handled a banana, a hot dog, and had his / her hands wiped with a moist towelette. In addition, wipe samples were collected from the kitchen floor, and food items were deposited on and subsequently collected from the kitchen floor. All samples were analyzed for lead. The child's caregiver completed a questionnaire, which addressed the child's hygiene and eating behaviors. It was demonstrated that children's contact with residential dust containing lead can transfer lead to food. Both lead in the home and on the children's hands contribute to the contamination of food, and hence potential dietary exposure. Mean lead in handled bananas was 26 g / kg and on hot dogs 65 g / kg, and mean lead values on cheese and apple slices that had been on the floor were 119 and 215 g / kg. In addition, the child's hygiene habits as reported by the parent indicate that lack of basic hygiene patterns within a high lead environment can contribute to children's dietary exposure to lead.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The questionnaire used in this study was described previously (Freeman et al, 1997 ). The questionnaire's primary focus was the child's hygiene and eating habits.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Contribution of children's activities to lead contamination of food

Freeman

Sheldon

Jimenez³

et al. 2001

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Environmental and socioeconomic factors contributing to elevated blood lead levels in children from an industrial area of Upper Silesia

Pelc

Pawlas

Dobrakowski

et al. 2016

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The present study concentrated on a cross-sectional analysis of recent exposure to lead (Pb) and the socioeconomic factors behind increased Pb exposure in Polish children. Lead is one of the most widespread toxic heavy metals in the industrial region of Upper Silesia (Poland). Elevated blood Pb levels in children continue to be a matter of serious concern. The present study involved 4882 children from the Upper Silesia region, aged from 3 yr to 18 yr, over the calendar years 1999 to 2013. The concentration of Pb in blood was determined in each child. The children's parents were asked to answer survey questions about the child's environmental exposure to Pb as well as the socioeconomic condition of the family. Factors that correspond with increased exposure to Pb included: lower level of education of parents, unemployment, parents' occupational Pb exposure, poor socioeconomic status of the family, smoking at home, living on the ground floor of buildings, consumption of locally grown vegetables and fruits, longer outdoor playing periods in a polluted environment, and male gender. Environmental exposure to Pb is the most important factor behind chronic poisoning of children in Upper Silesia. The most important socioeconomic factor associated with concentrations of Pb in children's blood is a lower level of education of a child's mother and father. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2597-2603. © 2016 SETAC.

show abstract