Extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from chickens and chicken meat in Brazil is associated with rare and complex resistance plasmids and pandemic ST lineages

Abstract

Live Brazilian chickens and CM act as reservoirs of ESC-resistant E. coli and resistance genes are located on highly diverse genetic determinants. Potentially pathogenic strains, which may represent a threat to human health and a source of environmental contamination, were also identified. Active surveillance is therefore essential in Brazil's chicken production line.

Antimicrobial Resistance in Farm Animals in Brazil: An Update Overview

“…and in E. coli, with IS10 and IncI1 conjugative plasmids ranging from 50 to 100 kb [137,138,157]. The bla CTX-M-15 gene was reported in isolates recovered in 2011 and 2014 located in IncX plasmids of 50kb [146,157]. Blast alignment suggested that an ISEcp element mobilized this gene to a plasmid previously detected in Shigella flexneri and E. coli strains [157].…”

“…Part of isolates characterized by Fernandes and coworkers was not able to transfer bla CTX-M-2 to E. coli, suggesting a possible chromosomal location of this gene [145]. In contrast, in E. coli, most studies suggest a chromosomal location of bla CTX-M-2 with a few reports of this gene in plasmids belonging to IncK, IncHI2, IncP incompatibility groups ranging from 35 to 280 kb [137,139,146,147,157]. Always when investigated, both in Salmonella sp.…”

“…Studies indicate that these genes are mainly carried by E. coli and nontyphoid Salmonella, but also by Escherichia fergusonii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter diversus, and Proteus mirabilis [136][137][138][139][140]. Reports include animals on farms [36,[136][137][138][141][142][143][144][145][146][147], whole carcasses, or meat pieces available in Brazilian retail markets [69,136,138,140,145,148,149], and exported chicken meat [150][151][152]. The same genes were detected in turkeys with clinical signs of colibacillosis [153].…”

“…In contrast, this genetic environment is more diverse in E. coli. The mobilization of the gene seems to be associated with ISEcp1, and with IncI, IncFIB, IncK, IncB/O, IncAC, and non-typable plasmids, most of them 80-90 kb long [143,146,147,157].…”

Increasing Prevalence of ESBL-Producing Multidrug Resistance Escherichia coli From Diseased Pets in Beijing, China From 2012 to 2017

“…Screening of E. coli isolates for ARG types was conducted using PCR for each isolate depending on the antibiotic resistance phenotype. The ARGs we examined were (1) carbapenemase genes bla NDM , bla IMP bla KPC , bla VIM , bla OXA , bla AIM , bla BIC , bla DIM , bla GIM , bla SIM , and bla SPM including bla NDM and bla CTX-M subtyping (Poirel et al, 2011), (2) β-lactamase genes bla SHV , bla TEM , and bla CTX-M (Casella et al, 2018), (3) plasmidmediated AmpC β-lactamase genes bla MOX , bla CMY , bla LAT , bla DHA , bla ACC , bla MIR , bla ACT , and bla FOX (Perez-Perez and Hanson, 2002), (4) colistin resistance genes mcr-1-8 (Rebelo et al, 2018;Yang et al, 2018;Carroll et al, 2019), and (5) plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes qnrA, qnrB and qnrS including whether the gyrA and parC genes in the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) were mutated (Komp et al, 2003;Kraychete et al, 2016;Onseedaeng and Ratthawongjirakul, 2016). PCR primers used for screening are shown in Supplementary Table S1.…”