“…In general, millisecond-scale depolarizations elicit fast inactivation, whereas second-scale depolarizations cause a slow but more stable inactivation of sodium channels. 7,10 Oxazosulfyl did not show a significant effect on the steady-state activation and fast inactivation of the voltage-gated sodium channels; instead, it affected the slow inactivation of these channels (Figure 3 and Table 1). Here, we inactivated sodium channels by a series of depolarizing steps for 30 s and allowed the sodium channels to recover from fast inactivation by 50 ms repolarization at −100 mV, and the slow inactivations were measured by 20 ms test pulses from −100 to −10 mV.…”
Section: Symptomology and The Time Course Of Poisoningmentioning
confidence: 94%
“…Recordings were obtained as described in a previous study . Briefly, BgPARA1 (GenBank: LC374291) and Dm tipE (GenBank: U27561.1) were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified, fused with the T7 promoter, and cloned into the pBluescript II KS+ vector and pBluescript SK+ vector, respectively.…”
Section: Materials
and Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Recordings were obtained as described in a previous study. 7 Briefly, BgPARA1 (GenBank: LC374291) and Dm tipE (GenBank: U27561.1) were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified, fused with the T7 promoter, and cloned into the pBluescript II KS+ vector and pBluescript SK+ vector, respectively. After transcription with T7 RNA polymerase, 1 ng of BgPARA1 cRNA (in 23 nL of distilled water) was coinjected with 1 ng of Dm tipE cRNA into Xenopus laevis oocytes at growth stage V or VI.…”
Oxazosulfyl is the first representative of a novel sulfyl class of insecticides with a potent and cross-spectrum insecticidal activity, albeit with an unclear mechanism of action. As a potential agent of pest control in rice fields, we investigated the action of oxazosulfyl on the nervous system and voltage-gated sodium channels in insects. After the injection of 10 μg of oxazosulfyl, American cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) were quickly paralyzed, which persisted for more than 7 days. Extracellular recordings revealed a depressed spontaneous nerve activity in the cockroaches injected with oxazosulfyl, which specifically affected the voltagegated sodium channels (in German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) expressed in Xenopus oocytes) in the slow-inactivated state resulting in the inhibition of sodium currents. The potency of oxazosulfyl and other sodium channel blockers to block sodium channels was consistent with their insecticidal activity. Thus, we conclude that the action mode of oxazosulfyl involves the statedependent blockage of voltage-gated sodium channels.
“…In general, millisecond-scale depolarizations elicit fast inactivation, whereas second-scale depolarizations cause a slow but more stable inactivation of sodium channels. 7,10 Oxazosulfyl did not show a significant effect on the steady-state activation and fast inactivation of the voltage-gated sodium channels; instead, it affected the slow inactivation of these channels (Figure 3 and Table 1). Here, we inactivated sodium channels by a series of depolarizing steps for 30 s and allowed the sodium channels to recover from fast inactivation by 50 ms repolarization at −100 mV, and the slow inactivations were measured by 20 ms test pulses from −100 to −10 mV.…”
Section: Symptomology and The Time Course Of Poisoningmentioning
confidence: 94%
“…Recordings were obtained as described in a previous study . Briefly, BgPARA1 (GenBank: LC374291) and Dm tipE (GenBank: U27561.1) were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified, fused with the T7 promoter, and cloned into the pBluescript II KS+ vector and pBluescript SK+ vector, respectively.…”
Section: Materials
and Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Recordings were obtained as described in a previous study. 7 Briefly, BgPARA1 (GenBank: LC374291) and Dm tipE (GenBank: U27561.1) were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified, fused with the T7 promoter, and cloned into the pBluescript II KS+ vector and pBluescript SK+ vector, respectively. After transcription with T7 RNA polymerase, 1 ng of BgPARA1 cRNA (in 23 nL of distilled water) was coinjected with 1 ng of Dm tipE cRNA into Xenopus laevis oocytes at growth stage V or VI.…”
Oxazosulfyl is the first representative of a novel sulfyl class of insecticides with a potent and cross-spectrum insecticidal activity, albeit with an unclear mechanism of action. As a potential agent of pest control in rice fields, we investigated the action of oxazosulfyl on the nervous system and voltage-gated sodium channels in insects. After the injection of 10 μg of oxazosulfyl, American cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) were quickly paralyzed, which persisted for more than 7 days. Extracellular recordings revealed a depressed spontaneous nerve activity in the cockroaches injected with oxazosulfyl, which specifically affected the voltagegated sodium channels (in German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) expressed in Xenopus oocytes) in the slow-inactivated state resulting in the inhibition of sodium currents. The potency of oxazosulfyl and other sodium channel blockers to block sodium channels was consistent with their insecticidal activity. Thus, we conclude that the action mode of oxazosulfyl involves the statedependent blockage of voltage-gated sodium channels.
“…However, the overuse of chemically synthesized pesticides has resulted in a number of problems such as acute or/and chronic toxicity to humans and vertebrates (Govindarajan et al, 2011;Muthukumaran et al, 2015) and development of pesticide resistance through behavioral adaptation or metabolic activities (Sogorb and Vilanova, 2002;Khan et al, 2014;Nkya et al, 2014;Tahir et al, 2017). These issues are prompting the search for safe and effective alternatives such as ecofriendly natural products or organic pesticides (Suzuki and Yamato, 2018).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Also, botanical insecticides are recognized as safer alternatives with lower toxicity to human and animals, and, hence, can be used in environmentally friendly pest control (Isman, 2015;Laosinwattana et al, 2018). One of the most important botanical insecticides that has traditionally been used is essential oils (Suzuki and Yamato, 2018). Essential oils (EOs) are extracted from natural plants by distillation methods and are hydrophobic liquids containing complex mixtures of low molecular weight volatiles and other compounds.…”
Cockroaches are household pests with a health risk to humans. Natural products may have insecticidal activities against pest insects and thus inspire the development of novel insecticides as "biopesticides". In this study, we report a strategy to prepare nanoparticles of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) oils (= essential oils or EO) to control the American cockroach in the two forms: one is coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) as nanocapsiolation (NC) and the other is loaded with oil as a nanoemulsion (NE). First, the nanoformulations were prepared and characterized by evaluating droplet size, zeta potential, polyspersion index and morphology. The compounds of EO were also analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). A complete FTIR characterization was made to confirm the formation of EO-PEG composite. In a fumigant bioassay, EO and NE caused 100% and 44.44% mortality of cockroaches at 10 mg/ liter after 1 h and 72 h of application, respectively. In a dusting toxicity bioassay, NC caused 100% mortality at 1.5 mg/500 ml after 24 h. Overall, the obtained results suggested that the oil-based nanoformulations could serve as an alternative method for producing biopesticides to overcome the disadvantage of the natural and semisynthetic pesticides and to increase their efficacy to control cockroaches. In addition, the PEG improved the stability of oil products and increased their dispersion in the aqueous phase. Although we found the essential oils of German chamomile could be useful to control the cockroaches, the techniques should be improved the nanoformulations to obtain practical effectiveness.
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