Foot and Soccer Referees’: A Pilot Study Searching “Performance” Throughout Prevention

Gianturco, L.; Bodini, Bruno Dino; Gianturco, V.; Pregliasco, F.; Cascio, Marta; Serafin, Antonio; Turiel, M.

doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01009

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In contrast to other studies which conclude that physical condition is a very important part of the training program in maintaining the performance of referees. [26] This means that the energy released by the referee during the match has a considerable influence on the results of the referee's work in leading the match. However, the referee's physical fitness condition may also differ depending on his age and professional level while leading the match.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trend Improving Soccer Professional Referees Performance in West Java Using Psychological Skill Training and Physical Fitness

Mudian¹,

Asmawi²,

Rihatno³

et al. 2021

saj

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The referee has an important role in football matches. The referee determines the level of fairness in the match so they must be mentally and physically fit. The purpose of this study was to examine the application of psychological skills training and the level of physical fitness to the performance of the referee. Psychological skill exercises used are relaxation, imagery, and relaxation-imagery combination that exist in conditions of high and low physical fitness. This research is quantitative with a quasi-experimental method. The research sample consisted of 48 people who were taken using purposive sampling based on the criteria that the referee had a provincial level referee license (Code C2) and has led a provincial level competition. Data collection techniques are through pre-test, post-test and treatment during the study. The data analysis technique used two-way ANOVA analysis followed by the Tukey test. The findings showed that psychological skill training, both relaxation, imagery, or a combination of imagery-relaxation and physical fitness, had a positive effect on the performance of the referee in leading the match. These results have implications for the concept of psychological training for football referees in West Java, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic, who had limited access to training in the field. However, this psychological skill training makes it easier to train the referee mentally.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, this research can still be developed on aspects of physical improvement programs such as providing referees nutrition, and [28] condition of physic. [26] Nutritional intake and good physical condition can meet the energetic demands of leading the competition. [29]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trend Improving Soccer Professional Referees Performance in West Java Using Psychological Skill Training and Physical Fitness

Mudian¹,

Asmawi²,

Rihatno³

et al. 2021

saj

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show abstract

“…In the literature, several studies about soccer referees can be found. In particular, many studies have attempted to measure their level of performance by means of VO2 maximal uptake [3][4][5] and/or results of fitness field tests [6] and laboratory test [7,8]. Over the years, findings obtained in research applied to soccer refereeing have allowed consistent improvements in terms of training methods and/or types of tests evaluating fitness and/or specific physical skills [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individualized Breakfast Programs or Glycogen Super-Compensation: Which Is the Better Performing Strategy? Insights from an Italian Soccer Referees Cohort

Regnoli

Rovelli

Gianturco

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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The role of soccer referees has grown in importance in the last decades, as has attention to their performance, which may be influenced and improved with specific and evolved training programs. Today, multiple specialists are working as a team in order to develop effective training programs. Moreover, for athletes, it is becoming more and more important to be attentive to nutrition. By considering such items, in this study, we aimed to investigate the nutritional habits of a group of referees belonging to the Italian Soccer Referees’ Association (on behalf of AIA-FIGC). Our main aim was to spread a “culture of nutrition” in refereeing, starting with a survey on referees’ breakfast attitudes and in order to disseminate such a “culture”, we chose top-level elite referees who were younger subjects (despite the average 4 years’ experience). Therefore, we enrolled 31 subjects (aged 22.74 ± 1.79, BMI 22.30 ± 1.53) and asked them about their breakfast habits. Then, for measuring their performance, we used the conventional fitness test named Yo-Yo (YYiR1), performed in three different sessions (test 1, test 2, test 3). Test 1 was carried out without any nutritional indications, test 2 was given after individualized breakfast suggestions by a designed dietician, and test 3 after an individualized glycogen super-compensation strategy. The Wilcoxon statistical analysis indicates that following an individualized breakfast strategy may enhance referees’ performance (p < 0.0001), whereas no significant effects were observed with the glycogen super-compensation option. However, further studies will be necessary to better address this topic and clarify whether high-carbohydrates (high-CHO) intake may be useful in other sports.

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A Systematic Review of the Physical, Physiological, Nutritional and Anthropometric Profiles of Soccer Referees

et al. 2023

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Background The importance of soccer referees is widely accepted by international soccer organizations and governing bodies, although there is little research summarizing and appraising the literature on soccer referees. The aim of this study was to systematically review the information related to physical demands, nutrition and physiological profiling of soccer referees. Methods Conforming with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, searches of three electronic databases (Web of Sciences, PubMed and Scopus) were conducted on 24 April 2022. The following search terms were used: (Soccer OR football AND refer*) AND (physical OR physiolo* OR load* OR “body composition” OR “fat mass” OR “fat free mass” OR “body size” OR “nutrition*” OR “nutritional assessment” OR “nutritional intake” OR “macronutrient*” OR “micronutrient*”). The inclusion criteria of the manuscripts written in English were that articles with male and/or female soccer referees and included relevant data concerning performance, physical testing, nutrition, body composition, body size and/or physiology of soccer referees. The tools developed by the National Institute of Health were used to assess risk of bias according to the study design. Results In total, 110 manuscripts were included in the present review. Match activities of soccer referees and assistant referees are not comparable. Variation in performance is influenced by competitive level and competitive schedules. Additionally, match performance is often used to validate field protocols. The associations between match indicators and field protocols were not constant across the included studies, particularly in short-maximal tests. An age decline in physical performance was not conclusive. Body size did not discriminate between referees and assistant referees, as well as referees of different competitive levels. Few studies focused on nutritional guidelines among referees, particularly exercise energy expenditure. Energy intake was comparable across studies, but referees did not follow the daily dietary recommendations. Aerobic output was frequently assessed, and it was not comparable to the values for soccer players. Conclusions Although there are decreases in the running profiles of older referees, they maintain the same distances from the ball, and thus, age per se should not be used to define participation at the international level. The assessment of physical fitness warrants future consideration given the levels of fatigue that are apparent at the end of matches. In order to attain ideal levels of body composition, future studies need to provide guidelines for daily energy expenditure and nutritional intake. Trial registration: The protocol was published in INPLASY (International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols) with the registration number 202280052 and https://doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.8.005.

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Foot and Soccer Referees’: A Pilot Study Searching “Performance” Throughout Prevention

Cited by 3 publications

References 34 publications

Trend Improving Soccer Professional Referees Performance in West Java Using Psychological Skill Training and Physical Fitness

Trend Improving Soccer Professional Referees Performance in West Java Using Psychological Skill Training and Physical Fitness

Individualized Breakfast Programs or Glycogen Super-Compensation: Which Is the Better Performing Strategy? Insights from an Italian Soccer Referees Cohort

A Systematic Review of the Physical, Physiological, Nutritional and Anthropometric Profiles of Soccer Referees

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