Operando and three-dimensional visualization of anion depletion and lithium growth by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy

Cheng, Qin; Lu, Wei; Liu, Zhe; Ni, Nan; Sang, Zhe; Zhu, Bin; Xu, Weiheng; Chen, Meijie; Miao, Yupeng; Chen, Lei; Min, Wei; Yang, Yuan

doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05289-z

Cited by 161 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 52 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…[25,41] Thus, Li + continuously deposits at the tip of the protrusion, triggering the growth of Li dendrite. [29,43] Eventually, Li dendrites are suppressed to form a compact and uniform layer. [32,43] The force is perpendicular to the electric field and the magnetic field, and it changes the moving direction of Li + and induces the convection of electrolyte, leading to homogenized Li + distribution in the double later region.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2019, 9,1900260 field (Figure 1b,c). [29,30,47,44] Li + deflects after receiving a Lorentz force perpendicular to the velocity direction (Figure 1g). [43,46] However, when magnetic field is applied, Li + is subjected to Lorentz force during the movement.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[29] Lithium metal is the most attractive anode material due to its extremely high specific capacity, minimum potential, and low density. The latest study shows that the growth of Li dendrites stems from the nonuniform Li + concentration on the electrode surface.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Magnetic Field–Suppressed Lithium Dendrite Growth for Stable Lithium‐Metal Batteries

Shen

Wang

et al. 2019

Advanced Energy Materials

220

135

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for the battery technologies. However, the main impediment for the practical application of lithium metal batteries is the lithium dendrite formation. [5] It not only penetrates the separator to induce the short circuit of the batteries, [6] but also generates high surface area in the anode to accelerate the unwanted side reactions between electrolytes and lithium metal, resulting in the electrolyte depletion and the subsequent battery failure. [7][8][9] Up to now, many strategies targeting lithium dendrites suppression rely on the "internal strategies," i.e., the modification or optimization of the components inside the cells. Those strategies include electrolyte optimization, artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) design, and synthesis of 3D current collector. [1] Electrolyte additives such as LiF, [10] LiNO 3 , [11] and Li 2 S x [12] were chosen to form stable SEI on the surface of Li anode to suppress the dendrite growth. [13] For creating artificial SEI layer on the anode, gas treatment [14] (N 2 , O 2 , CO 2 , or SO 2 ), liquid treatment (Li 3 PO 4[15] and Cu 3 N/styrene−butadiene rubber [16] ), and physical deposition of nanofilm (Al 2 O 3 , [17] carbon, [18] and organic polymer [19] ) are the three typical methods by accessing the internal interface of the battery. The rational design of 3D current collectors also helps to inhibit dendritic growth. [20] One type of 3D current collectors is lithiophilic matrix such as lithiophilic-lithiophobic gradient interfacial layer, [21] N-doped graphene, [22] and metal−organic framework, [23] which redistributes Li-ions to the anode surface through chemical bonding interactions to achieve uniform lithium deposition. The other type is conductive matrix including porous carbon, [7] graphene matrix, [24] 3D-ordered macroporous Cu, [25] and fibrous metal felt [26] that reduces dendritic growth by reducing the current density with a large surface area. [27,28] Although these "internal strategies" could effectively suppress the dendrite formation, cell stability becomes a concern due to the change of the cell environment such as the use of additives and the modification of the electrode.Introducing an "external strategy," by using external magnetic field to rearrange the Li + concentration on the anode surface, could achieve a uniform lithium deposition. The latest study shows that the growth of Li dendrites stems from the nonuniform Li + concentration on the electrode surface. [29] Lithium metal is the most attractive anode material due to its extremely high specific capacity, minimum potential, and low density. However, uncontrollable growth of lithium dendrite results in severe safety and cycling stability concerns, which hinders the application in next generation secondary batteries. In this paper, a new and facile method imposing a magnetic field to lithium metal anodes is proposed. That is, the lithium ions suffering Lorentz force due to the electromagnetic fields are put into spiral motion causing magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) effect. This MHD effect can effecti...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Magnetic Field–Suppressed Lithium Dendrite Growth for Stable Lithium‐Metal Batteries

Shen

Wang

et al. 2019

Advanced Energy Materials

220

135

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…[ 27 ] While “mossy” structures can lead to electrolyte depletion due to their large reactive surface area, dendritic structures are most dangerous for penetrating the separator and causing cell shorting and safety hazards. [ 27,28 ] Fractal dendrites are known to occur even under conditions in which the classical Sand's time model predicts that transport limitation should not occur, [ 29 ] and are more prevalent at high current densities that are desirable for practical battery operation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dendrite Suppression by a Polymer Coating: A Coarse‐Grained Molecular Study

Kong

Rudnicki

Choudhury

et al. 2020

Adv Funct Materials

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A major hurdle to the successful deployment of high‐energy‐density lithium metal based batteries is dendrite growth during battery cycling, which raises safety and cycle life concerns. Coating the Li metal anode with a soft polymer layer has been previously shown to be effective in suppressing dendrite growth, leading to uniform lithium deposition even at high current densities. A 3D coarse‐grained molecular model to study the mechanism of dendrite suppression is presented. It is found that the most effective coatings delay or even prevent dendrites from penetrating the polymer layer during deposition. The optimal deposition can be achieved by jointly tuning the polymer stiffness and relaxation time. Higher polymer dielectric permittivity and coating thickness are also effective, but the deposition rate and, therefore, the charging current density is reduced. These findings provide the basis for rational design of soft polymer coatings for stable lithium deposition.

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“…Nevertheless, the uneven Li ions dispersion caused high local Li ion concentration (“hot spots”) also promotes dendrite growth . As previously reported, the initial SEI is inhomogeneous and consisted of disordered organic and inorganic components, which have different ionic conductivity and thus results in the “hot spots.” Therefore, to effectively restrain the dendrite growth, not only a high specific surface area of electrode substrate to prolong the Sand's time, but also a uniform Li ions distribution to eliminate “hot spots,” are highly desirable. In order to prevent the uneven Li distribution and to introduce a physical barrier for dendrite growth in the meanwhile, one popular approach is to confine the Li plating/stripping in micro‐/nanoengineering space.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Interlayered Dendrite‐Free Lithium Plating for High‐Performance Lithium‐Metal Batteries

Wang

et al. 2019

Advanced Materials

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For its high theoretical capacity and low redox potential, Li metal is considered to be one of the most promising anode materials for next‐generation batteries. However, practical application of a Li‐metal anode is impeded by Li dendrites, which are generated during the cycling of Li plating/stripping, leading to safety issues. Researchers attempt to solve this problem by spatially confining the Li plating. Yet, the effective directing of Li deposition into the confined space is challenging. Here, an interlayer is constructed between a graphitic carbon nitrite layer (g‐C3N4) and carbon cloth (CC), enabling site‐directed dendrite‐free Li plating. The g‐C3N4/CC as an anode scaffold enables extraordinary cycling stability for over 1500 h with a small overpotential of ≈80 mV at 2 mA cm−2. Furthermore, prominent battery performance is also demonstrated in a full cell (Li/g‐C3N4/CC as anode and LiCoO2 as cathode) with high Coulombic efficiency of 99.4% over 300 cycles.

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Operando and three-dimensional visualization of anion depletion and lithium growth by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy

Cited by 161 publications

References 52 publications

Magnetic Field–Suppressed Lithium Dendrite Growth for Stable Lithium‐Metal Batteries

Magnetic Field–Suppressed Lithium Dendrite Growth for Stable Lithium‐Metal Batteries

Dendrite Suppression by a Polymer Coating: A Coarse‐Grained Molecular Study

Interlayered Dendrite‐Free Lithium Plating for High‐Performance Lithium‐Metal Batteries

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