Passive stretching-induced changes detected during voluntary muscle contractions

Begovic, Haris; Can, Filiz; Yağcıoğlu, Süha; Öztürk, Necla

doi:10.1080/09593985.2018.1491660

Cited by 6 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Such a stimulation current was then increased by +10% during the assessment procedures. After 20 min of passive recovery, the stimulation was evoked individually on each muscle [mean stimulation current: GM = 107 (15) mA; GL = 93 (12) mA; SOL = 91 (9) mA], and the M-wave and MMG p-p signals generated by the stimulation on the synergistic and antagonist muscle (M-wave only) were recorded. Three stimulations per muscle were elicited, with 3 min of passive recovery between each stimulation.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The conventional assessment method combines concurrent recording of sEMG and force during isometric contractions, capturing EMD and R-EMD comprehensively without distinction between their electrochemical and mechanical components [9][10][11]. A recent advancement involving the incorporation of the mechanomyogram (MMG) in EMD and R-EMD calculation, has addressed this issue, potentially serving as a useful tool to assess the properties of synergistic muscles [12][13][14][15]. This approach enables the subdivision of EMD into: (i) a mainly electrochemical component, involving the time between the onset of the sEMG to the MMG signal (Δt EMG-MMG), and (ii) a mainly mechanical component, providing the time between the onset of the MMG and the onset of the force development (Δt MMG-F) [12,13,[16][17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent advancement involving the incorporation of the mechanomyogram (MMG) in EMD and R-EMD calculation, has addressed this issue, potentially serving as a useful tool to assess the properties of synergistic muscles [12][13][14][15]. This approach enables the subdivision of EMD into: (i) a mainly electrochemical component, involving the time between the onset of the sEMG to the MMG signal (Δt EMG-MMG), and (ii) a mainly mechanical component, providing the time between the onset of the MMG and the onset of the force development (Δt MMG-F) [12,13,[16][17][18][19]. Similarly, the R-EMD is divided into an initiating electrochemical component, from the end of the EMG signal to the beginning of force decay (R-Δt EMG-F), possibly including the beginning of Ca 2+ re-uptake and the cross-bridges transition from a force-generating to a non-force generating condition, and three consecutive primarily mechanical components, representing events from cross-bridge detachment to the return to a pre-contraction state: i) the initial force decay to the beginning of the largest MMG displacement (R-Δt F-MMG); ii) the largest MMG displacement duration (R-Δt MMG p-p ); and iii) the time lag from the end of the largest MMG displacement to the return to the baseline of the force signal (R-Δt MMG-F END ) [13][14][15]20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, the R-EMD is divided into an initiating electrochemical component, from the end of the EMG signal to the beginning of force decay (R-Δt EMG-F), possibly including the beginning of Ca 2+ re-uptake and the cross-bridges transition from a force-generating to a non-force generating condition, and three consecutive primarily mechanical components, representing events from cross-bridge detachment to the return to a pre-contraction state: i) the initial force decay to the beginning of the largest MMG displacement (R-Δt F-MMG); ii) the largest MMG displacement duration (R-Δt MMG p-p ); and iii) the time lag from the end of the largest MMG displacement to the return to the baseline of the force signal (R-Δt MMG-F END ) [13][14][15]20]. Previous studies have reported an increase in both electrochemical and mechanical components of EMD and R-EMD after passive stretching [12,13,17,19,21]. Interestingly, negative correlations between the joint passive stiffness and the duration of the mechanical but not electrochemical components calculated in gastrocnemius medialis (GM) were reported before and immediately after a passive stretching bout [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synergistic difference in the effect of stretching on electromechanical delay components

Toninelli,

Coratella,

Longo

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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This study investigated the synergistic difference in the effect of stretching on electromechanical delay (EMD) and its components, using a simultaneous recording of electromyographic, mechanomyographic, and force signals. Twenty-six healthy men underwent plantar flexors passive stretching. Before and after stretching, the electrochemical and mechanical components of the EMD and the relaxation EMD (R-EMD) were calculated in gastrocnemius medialis (GM), lateralis (GL) and soleus (SOL) during a supramaximal motor point stimulation. Additionally, joint passive stiffness was assessed. At baseline, the mechanical components of EMD and R-EMD were longer in GM and GL than SOL (Cohen’s d from 1.78 to 3.67). Stretching decreased joint passive stiffness [-22(8)%, d = -1.96] while overall lengthened the electrochemical and mechanical EMD. The mechanical R-EMD components were affected more in GM [21(2)%] and GL [22(2)%] than SOL [12(1)%], with d ranging from 0.63 to 1.81. Negative correlations between joint passive stiffness with EMD and R-EMD mechanical components were found before and after stretching in all muscles (r from -0.477 to -0.926; P from 0.007 to <0.001). These results suggest that stretching plantar flexors affected GM and GL more than SOL. Future research should calculate EMD and R-EMD to further investigate the mechanical adaptations induced by passive stretching in synergistic muscles.

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Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Synergistic difference in the effect of stretching on electromechanical delay components

Toninelli,

Coratella,

Longo

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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“…However, despite all the benefits, certain articles have speculated about the other proposed benefits stretching has to offer concerning the widespread acceptance and use of stretching [ 7 , 8 , 9 ]. Stretching, especially static or passive stretching, has been found in several studies to cause a considerable acute decline in various maximal muscle performances, such as force or power output [ 2 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ], vertical jump performance [ 14 , 15 ], and sprinting performance [ 16 ]. These effects have ramifications for athletes who participate in power-based sports activities that demand strength and power generation, such as gymnastics, football, and sprinting, prompting some studies to advise avoiding static stretching before such events.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Acute Effect of Dynamic vs. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching on Sprint and Jump Performance

Malek,

Nadzalan,

Tan

et al. 2024

JFMK

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Participating in sports has been shown to promote overall wellness and, at the same time, reduce health risks. As more people are participating in sports, competitions have increased, and every aspect of the game has been focused by coaches and athletes in order to improve performance. One of these aspects is the warm-up session. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of a dynamic warm-up versus a proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) warm-up on the sprint and jump performance of recreationally active men. Thirty (n = 30) males were randomly assigned to undergo three sessions of different warm-up types, 72 h apart, involving either proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF), dynamic stretching (DS), or no stretching session (control). The PNF and dynamic modes of stretching improved vertical jump performance, F (2.58) = 5.49, p = 0.046, to a certain extent (mean + 3.32% vs. control, p = 0.002 for dynamic and mean + 1.53% vs. control, p = 0.048 for PNF stretching). Dynamic stretching is best used to get a better vertical jump height. Sprint performance was also increased to a greater extent following the stretching session, F (2.58) = 5.60, p = 0.01. Sprint time was +1.05% faster vs. the control, with a value of p = 0.002 after dynamic stretching, while PNF stretching demonstrated a sprint time of +0.35% vs. the control, with a value of p = 0.049. Dynamic stretching showed a better sprint performance and also vertical jump height performance in this study. PNF and dynamic stretching prove to be equally efficacious in flexibility conditioning depending on the type of movement involved. This type of stretching should be utilized to help preserve or improve the performance output of physical activity, especially in sprinting and jumping events.

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Mechanisms underlying performance impairments following prolonged static stretching without a comprehensive warm-up

et al. 2020

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Whereas a variety of pre-exercise activities have been incorporated as part of a "warm-up" prior to work, combat, and athletic activities for millennia, the inclusion of static stretching (SS) within a warm-up has lost favour in the last 25 years. Research emphasised the possibility of SSinduced impairments in subsequent performance following prolonged stretching without proper dynamic warm-up activities. Proposed mechanisms underlying stretch-induced deficits include both neural (i.e. decreased voluntary activation, persistent inward current effects on motoneurone excitability) and morphological (i.e. changes in the force-length relationship, decreased Ca 2+ sensitivity, alterations in parallel elastic component) factors. Psychological influences such as a mental energy deficit and nocebo effects could also adversely affect performance. However, significant practical limitations exist within published studies, e.g. long stretching durations, stretching exercises with little task specificity, lack of warm-up before/after stretching, testing performed immediately after stretch completion, and risk of investigator and participant bias.Recent research indicates that appropriate durations of static stretching performed within a full warm-up (i.e. aerobic activities before and task-specific dynamic stretching and intense physical activities after SS) have trivial effects on subsequent performance with some evidence of improved force output at longer muscle lengths. For conditions in which muscular force production is compromised by stretching, knowledge of the underlying mechanisms would aid development of mitigation strategies. However, these mechanisms are yet to be perfectly defined. More information is needed to better understand both the warm-up components and mechanisms that contribute to performance enhancements or impairments when SS is incorporated within a pre-activity warm-up.

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Passive stretching-induced changes detected during voluntary muscle contractions

Cited by 6 publications

References 37 publications

Synergistic difference in the effect of stretching on electromechanical delay components

Synergistic difference in the effect of stretching on electromechanical delay components

The Acute Effect of Dynamic vs. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching on Sprint and Jump Performance

Mechanisms underlying performance impairments following prolonged static stretching without a comprehensive warm-up

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