Taking the latest guidelines of Western countries into considerations, we published the revised edition as the guidelines presenting standard treatment of acute and chronic heart failure by incorporating evidence and actual clinical experience in Japan.Grade A Strongly recommended and supported by strong evidence Grade BRecommended with moderately strong supporting evidence Grade C1Recommended despite no strong supporting evidence Grade C2Not recommended because of the absence of strong supporting evidence Grade D Not recommended as evidence indicates that the treatment is ineffective or even harmful (Adapted from MINDS Treatment Guidelines Selection Committee.