3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO): High Explosive Insensitive Energetic Material

Sirach, Ruksana; Dave, Pragnesh N.

doi:10.1007/s10593-021-02973-9

Cited by 37 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…The stronger adsorption between the solvent and the crystal faces means more stable solvation layer attaches to the crystal face, and removing the molecules of the solvent layer needs more energy 15 . Therefore, in solvent environment, it is necessary to remove the influence of the binding energy between solvent molecules and crystal faces according to the ratio of solvent contact area by formula (2). Modified adhesion energy model (MAE Model) can predict the morphology of energetic crystals in solvent system such as CL-20, TKX-50, HMX [16][17][18][19] .…”

Section: 1theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-one (NTO) is a kind of high energy density insensitive simple explosive 1 . Its shock wave, friction and impact sensitivity are less than hexogeon (RDX) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (HMX) 2 , and it is easy to form to meet the development needs of modern initiating explosive device. However, the crystal of NTO prepared by the direct reaction is mostly a jagged rodlike shape 3 which limits the application of NTO in mixed explosives 4 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of solvents on the morphology of NTO crystal by molecular dynamics

Chen

et al. 2022

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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In this paper, a molecular model for adsorption of NTO surface-solvent was constructed, and the effects of different solvents on the morphology of NTO crystal were simulated by molecular dynamics. The selected solvents included ethanol, water, acetone, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), ethyl acetate and N,N-dimethylformamide. Pure solvents and two co-solvents including NMP/water and ethanol/water were studied to provide theoretical guidance for the selection of solvent systems for NTO recrystallization. In pure solvents, the results show that the crystal morphology of NTO can be effected by all solvent and in NMP solvent is the best. In co-solvents, when the mass ratio of ethanol to water is 9:1, the best morphology of NTO crystals is found . In ethanol/water system, the morphology of NTO crystals changes from near-cube to cuboid with the decrease of ethanol mass fraction, and the aspect ratios of NTO crystals increase. In NMP/water system, the decrease of the mass fraction of NMP makes the crystal morphology deteriorate. This is manifested as the crystal develops towards a narrow needle shape, and the value of the aspect ratio increases.

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Section: 1theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of solvents on the morphology of NTO crystal by molecular dynamics

Chen

et al. 2022

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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“…Two hundred and twenty sailors and naval aviators were killed, seven hundred were injured, and ninety-six planes were destroyed or severely damaged [ 1 ]. Countries have begun to pay attention to how to reduce the danger of ammunition during transportation and storage, and insensitive ammunition (IM) has emerged as the times demand [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Because the main challenge of insensitive explosives is to provide high-energy materials with low detonation sensitivity and high performance at the same time, so that they have controllable, safe, and predictable behaviors [ 6 ], mixed explosives based on low-vulnerability elemental explosives have become the main development direction of insensitive explosives.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Slow Cook-Off Experiment and Numerical Simulation of Spherical NQ-Based Melt-Cast Explosive

et al. 2022

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In order to analyze the influence of nitroguanidine (NQ) spheroidization on the corresponding characteristics of slow cook-off molten cast explosives, experiments and simulation calculations were carried out. A calculation method was established, based on a multiphase flow model to simulate the response process of spherical NQ-based molten cast explosives under slow cook-off conditions, to analyze the temperature distribution and liquid phase distribution during the reaction process, and to discuss the reaction temperature, reaction time and reaction location with the change of solid content. The study found that the slow cook-off response level of spherical NQ-based molten cast explosives is deflagration; the phase change cloud diagram can be used to determine the ignition time to obtain more accurate slow cook-off response data; when the solid content is 50%, the ignition temperature of ordinary NQ-based molten cast explosives is 454.3 K, and the ignition time is 50.0 h, while the slow-baking ignition temperature of spherical NQ-based fused-cast explosives is up to 464 K, which is an increase of 2.14%, and the ignition time is 51.8 h, which is a relative increase of 3.55%; it can be seen that the spheroidization of NQ improves the thermal safety of molten-cast explosives has a significant effect.

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“…However, development of a precise equilibrium among these several requirements of physical and chemical properties is a fascinating and challenging. [1][2][3][4] One of such promising, highly insensitive, simple to make, less harmful to human health, and robust material is NTO. High explosive insensitive energetic material has performance characteristics that are comparable with those of currently used secondary explosives and has the potential to be used as an explosive and propellant ingredient.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Augmented catalytic effect of nano‐bi‐transition metal ferrite NiZnFe₂O₄ for nano‐nitrotriazolone thermolysis

Dave

Thakkar

Sirach

2022

Applied Organom Chemis

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The present research aims to study the thermolysis behavior of nano‐nitrotriazolone (nNTO) with and with catalyst bi‐transition metal ferrite (NiZnFe2O4‐NZF). Synthesized NTO via consecutive reaction method was modified to nanosize by using solvent–antisolvent method, while co‐precipitation method was used for the preparation of ferrite. Their physico‐chemical characteristics have been investigated in detail by using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field emission gun scanning electron microscope (FEG‐SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman, and ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) analytical techniques. The catalytic performance was studied briefly using simultaneous thermal analyses. The average crystalline size of NZF is found between 12 and 25 nm, while NTO and nNTO are found between 15 and 40 nm. The nNTO derived from NTO showed higher crystallinity and less agglomeration, while NZF has nanoparticles with polyhedral shape. The thermal results are depicted that this catalyst worked superior to enhance thermolysis of nNTO than its mixture with NTO and it was evaluated by the various kinetic model. The kinetic mean values revealed that nNTO + NZF activation energy decreased in the range of 100–150 kJ mol−1. According to the obtained results, such kind of catalyst has been used for the preparations of explosive energetic formulations that are widely applicable in rocketry development.

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3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO): High Explosive Insensitive Energetic Material

Cited by 37 publications

References 74 publications

The effect of solvents on the morphology of NTO crystal by molecular dynamics

The effect of solvents on the morphology of NTO crystal by molecular dynamics

Slow Cook-Off Experiment and Numerical Simulation of Spherical NQ-Based Melt-Cast Explosive

Augmented catalytic effect of nano‐bi‐transition metal ferrite NiZnFe₂O₄ for nano‐nitrotriazolone thermolysis

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3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO): High Explosive Insensitive Energetic Material

Cited by 37 publications

References 74 publications

The effect of solvents on the morphology of NTO crystal by molecular dynamics

The effect of solvents on the morphology of NTO crystal by molecular dynamics

Slow Cook-Off Experiment and Numerical Simulation of Spherical NQ-Based Melt-Cast Explosive

Augmented catalytic effect of nano‐bi‐transition metal ferrite NiZnFe2O4 for nano‐nitrotriazolone thermolysis

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Resources

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Augmented catalytic effect of nano‐bi‐transition metal ferrite NiZnFe₂O₄ for nano‐nitrotriazolone thermolysis