3-D printed photoreceptor phantoms for evaluating lateral resolution of adaptive optics imaging systems

Kedia, Nikita; Liu, Zhuolin; Sochol, Ryan D.; Tam, Johnny; Hammer, Daniel X.; Agrawal, Anant

doi:10.1364/ol.44.001825

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The bright‐field image of the d ‐GOx/HRP/ZIF‐8/cHS film and the merged image of the three microscopy images are shown in Figure 3a‐iii,iv, respectively. It is noteworthy that although the IP‐S photoresist used to fabricate the 3D structures in this study is autofluorescent, [ 29 ] the carbon modification of the pristine microprinted structures prior to the deposition of ZIF‐8 and GOx/HRP/ZIF‐8 composites eliminates the background fluorescence (see Figure S5, Supporting Information). The fluorescence emission spectrum of the d ‐GOx/HRP/ZIF‐8/cHS film showing the emission peaks of the FITC‐labeled GOx at 525 nm and RhB‐labeled HRP at 570 nm, Figure 3b, further supports the fluorescence microscopy images.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The bright-field image of the d-GOx/HRP/ZIF-8/cHS film and the merged image of the three microscopy images are shown in Figure 3a-iii,iv, respectively. It is noteworthy that although the IP-S photoresist used to fabricate the 3D structures in this study is autofluorescent, [29] the carbon modification of the pris- Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was deployed to characterize the chemical functional groups present at the surface of the GOx/HRP/ZIF-8/cHS film. In the FTIR spectra shown in Figure 3c, the vibrations due to ZIF-8 and enzymes are distinguished with regions shaded in blue and red, respectively, while the contribution from cHS is unshaded.…”

Section: Fabrication and Characterization Of The Zif-8 And Biocatalyt...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Micro‐Scaling Metal‐Organic Framework Films through Direct Laser Writing for Chemical Sensing

Olorunyomi

Singh

Nasa

et al. 2023

Advanced Sensor Research

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A zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF‐8) containing two enzymes that form a cascade biocatalyst has been integrated with 3D structures that are fabricated through a two‐photon polymerization using direct laser writing lithography. Glucose oxidase (GOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) are encapsulated by the biomimetic self‐assembly process of ZIF‐8 to form the GOx/HRP/ZIF‐8 composite which grows in situ on the surface of microprinted carbon‐coated hexagonal substrates (cHS). The GOx/HRP/ZIF‐8/cHS film is applied to glucose detection through enzymatic oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid, forming H2O2, in the presence of GOx and the subsequent reduction of H2O2 to water in the presence of HRP and Amplex Red. This reaction is monitored using fluorimetry as the oxidation of Amplex Red with H2O2 catalyzed by HRP forms red‐emitting resorufin. The GOx/HRP/ZIF‐8/cHS film responds to glucose concentrations with a linear range of 10–200 µm, which correlates to the salivary glucose level in healthy humans. The GOx/HRP/ZIF‐8/cHS film shows more than eight times and 13 times enhanced activity than GOx/HRP/cHS (without ZIF‐8) and GOx/HRP/ZIF‐8 on a non‐3D patterned substrate, respectively. The GOx/HRP/ZIF‐8/cHS film retains more than 80% or 100% of its initial activity after being stored for over 2 months at ≤24 or 4 °C, respectively.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fabrication and Characterization Of The Zif-8 And Biocatalyt...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Micro‐Scaling Metal‐Organic Framework Films through Direct Laser Writing for Chemical Sensing

Olorunyomi

Singh

Nasa

et al. 2023

Advanced Sensor Research

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“…2PP is a 3D printing process that can create free-form structures with high feature resolution (∼1 μm). The technique has been used extensively in microfluidics [35][36][37] and optics [38][39][40]. As the sensor fabrication was based on a one-step printing process, the processing time was reduced significantly when compared to traditional MEMS processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flow separation sensing on airfoil using a 3D printed biomimetic artificial hair sensor

et al. 2022

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Small-scale unmanned air vehicles require lightweight, compact, and low-power sensors that encompass a variety of sensing modalities to enable flight control and navigation in challenging environments. Flow sensing is one such modality that has attracted much interest in recent years. In this paper, a micro-scale artificial hair sensor is developed to resolve both the direction and magnitude of airflow. The sensor structure employs a high-aspect ratio hair structure and a thin flexible membrane to facilitate the transduction of directional airflow to membrane deflection. The sensor readout is based on capacitive sensing and two pairs of electrodes orthogonal to each other are used to obtain airflow directional information. The sensor structure was fabricated by using two photon polymerization and integrated onto a miniature printed circuit board to enable simple measurement. The sensor’s responses to static displacement loading from different directions were characterized. The experimental results are in good agreement with the simulation results. Furthermore, the sensor’s capability to measure the direction and magnitude of flow was demonstrated. Finally, the sensor was mounted on an airfoil and its ability to detect flow separation was verified.

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“…Unfortunately, manufacturing photoreceptor mosaic phantoms at biologically relevant scales without compromising reflectivity performance has remained a critical challenge. For example, micropost array-based phantoms produce irregular patterns and require protocols that increase the potential for undesired variations [11,12]. Notably, the micropost structure contributes to antireflectivity properties that reduce the phantom capabilities as the arrays at spacings expected to be resolved appear as dark regions [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Laser Writing of Triangular-Walled Microarrays Onto Glass Diffusers to Enable Controlled Reflectivity Under Adaptive Optics Ophthalmic Imaging Systems

Rosenthal,

Garcia-O'Donnell,

Ngoh

et al. 2022

2022 Solid-State, Actuators, and Microsystems Workshop Technical Digest

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Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) is an emerging imaging modality capable of resolving photoreceptors and microscopic structures in the living human retina, allowing clinicians to non-invasively detect retinal pathologies unseen by other methods. Widespread clinical use of complex imaging systems like AOSLO often requires standardized system performance assessments with "phantoms"-accurate physical models of anatomical structures. To date, however, challenges in manufacturing retinal phantoms at relevant scales has hindered such standardization for AOSLO. To overcome these barriers, here we introduce novel microwell array phantoms that comprise triangular sidewalls-enabled by the submicron-scale geometric versatility of "Direct Laser Writing (DLW)"-based additive manufacturing-and are 3D printed directly onto glass diffusers. The array geometries mimic retinal photoreceptor mosaic attributes (cell diameter and spacing) and are combined with a glass diffuser surface texture, which allows for high control over reflectivity, critical for informative AOSLO image capture. Experimental AOSLO imaging results revealed peak-to-valley grayscale differentiation of 160±25.4 and 190±29.6 (a.u.) for the 5 µm and 9 µm center-tocenter arrays, respectively, suggesting attainment of phantom performance pertinent to the evaluation of AOSLO spatial resolution. Thus, the concepts presented here establish a pathway for new classes of AOSLO phantoms to support greater clinical use.

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3-D printed photoreceptor phantoms for evaluating lateral resolution of adaptive optics imaging systems

Cited by 16 publications

References 19 publications

Micro‐Scaling Metal‐Organic Framework Films through Direct Laser Writing for Chemical Sensing

Micro‐Scaling Metal‐Organic Framework Films through Direct Laser Writing for Chemical Sensing

Flow separation sensing on airfoil using a 3D printed biomimetic artificial hair sensor

Direct Laser Writing of Triangular-Walled Microarrays Onto Glass Diffusers to Enable Controlled Reflectivity Under Adaptive Optics Ophthalmic Imaging Systems

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