3-Bromopyruvate-Loaded Ti₃C₂ MXene/Cu₂O Nanosheets for Photoacoustic Imaging-Guided and Hypoxia-Relieving Enhanced Photothermal/Chemodynamic Therapy

Abstract

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) is an innovative and effective treatment that relies on the Fenton or Fenton-like reaction, in which endogenous H 2 O 2 overproduction is converted into cytotoxic hydroxyl radicals ( • OH) to suppress tumor growth. Nevertheless, the therapeutic efficiency of CDT is severely restricted by undesirable properties, such as reaction conditions and catalyst performance. Herein, a 2D Ti 3 C 2 MXene/Cu 2 O nanosheet (MCP NS)-based multifunctional nanoplatform (3-BP@MCG NSs) has been constructed, in which glucose oxidase (GOx) and respiration inhibitor 3-bromopyruvate (3-BP) are sequentially embedded. In this structure, the copper-based catalyst Cu 2 O releases Cu + in an acid-triggered manner in the tumor microenvironment (TME), which activates the Fenton-like reaction to catalyze the generation of • OH for CDT. The composite has excellent photothermal properties and a high-resolution photoacoustic imaging (PAI) capability in the near-infrared (NIR) region, and especially under NIR irradiation, the photothermal effect generated by the nanosheets accelerates catalysis. GOx is a natural enzyme catalyst for depleting glucose and oxygen content in cells, upregulating H 2 O 2 levels in situ, and thereby improving the therapeutic effect of CDT. What is more, the supported 3-BP not only reduces oxygen consumption to alleviate hypoxia levels but also inhibits the glycolysis process and lowers ATP levels by suppressing hexokinase activity. As a result, 3-BP@MCG NSs optimize the unique properties of MCP NSs, GOx, and 3-BP via mutual promotion, realizing self-enhanced PTT/CDT synergistic therapy. This work establishes an emerging strategy for highly efficient PAI-guided integrated treatment and provides a proof of concept for the cooperation of hypoxia relief and in situ H 2 O 2 and NIR synergistic enhancement to improve therapeutic efficiency.

2D Architectures-Transformed Conformational Nanoarchitectonics for Light-Augmented Nanocatalytic Chemodynamic and Photothermal/Photodynamic-Based Trimodal Therapies

“…In the presence of H 2 O 2 , the • OH generation ability of Pt-MoSe 2 -PEG was increased, and the • OH generation significantly increased under the conditions of added H 2 O 2 and laser irradiation. These results suggested that the photothermal properties of MoSe 2 -PEG might have led to an increase in the temperature, improving the catalytic activity of Pt-MoSe 2 -PEG 59. Similarly, we reached the same conclusion by the visual color change, which gave the altered catalytic ability under different conditions (FigureS5A-inset), demonstrating the CDT ability of Pt-MoSe 2 -PEG to generate ROS.…”

Efficient photothermal conversion of MXenes and their application in biomedicine

“…Their research shows that MXene QDs materials have high potential in PA imaging guidance PTT and can be used for precise cancer treatment. Wang and his colleagues 167 sequentially embedded glucose oxidase (GOx) and the respiratory inhibitor 3-bromopyruvic acid (3-BP) into a two-dimensional Ti 3 C 2 MXene/Cu 2 O nanosheet (MCP NS), constructing a multifunctional nanoplatform of 3-BP@MCG NSs. With excellent photothermal conversion performance and high-resolution PA imaging ability, this composite can overcome the hypoxic environment, enhance the effect of photodynamic therapy, and be monitored by PA imaging, further verifying the application potential of MXene in PA imaging and photodynamic therapy.…”

CeO2 and Glucose Oxidase Co-Enriched Ti3C2Tx MXene for Hyperthermia-Augmented Nanocatalytic Cancer Therapy

“…MXene comprises a wide array of 2D materials consisting of ternary metal carbides/nitrides, denoted by M n +1 X n T x . In this context, M represents a transition metal, such as Ti or V, X denotes carbon and/or nitrogen, and T signifies surface functional groups, including −O, −OH, and −F. , The 2D Ti 3 C 2 MXene, with its ultrathin layered structure and large surface area, enables the loading and dispersion of CeO 2 nanozymes. − Importantly, Ti 3 C 2 MXene not only exhibits photodynamic effects in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum but also serves as a photothermal material for tumor photothermal therapy, thereby enhancing enzymatic activity photothermally. − This catalytic process accelerates the conversion of H 2 O 2 by CeO 2 nanozymes into O 2 , ameliorating tumor hypoxia and significantly boosting PDT and GOD activity. For instance, Wang and co-workers developed AuPtAg-Gox, wherein a synergistic interaction was observed between photothermal therapy (PTT) and GOD, effectively eliminating cancer cells .…”