3-Acetylpyridine-induced degeneration and regeneration in the adult lizard brain: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

Font, Enrique; Desfilis, Ester; Pérez-Cañellas, Mar; Alcántara, Soledad; García‐Verdugo, José Manuel

doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00085-1

Cited by 36 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Although neural tissue is capable of regeneration after injury in adult amphibians (e.g., retina) (13) and lizards (14), such processes are unprecedented in the adult mammalian brain. The remarkable fidelity with which the network of chains is re-established in the adult rodent SVZ suggests that directional cues for chain migration remain even after ablation of all chains in the SVZ.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regeneration of a germinal layer in the adult mammalian brain

Doetsch

García‐Verdugo

Alvarez-Buylla

1999

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

582

480

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Neuronal precursors reside in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of adult mammals. This region is composed of a network of chains of migrating neuroblasts ensheathed by astrocytes and juxtaposed by clusters of immature precursors (type C cells). Here we show that after antimitotic treatment with cytosine-␤-D-arabinofuranoside, neuroblasts and type C cells are eliminated but some astrocytes remain. Remarkably, the SVZ network rapidly regenerates. Soon after cytosine-␤-D-arabinofuranoside treatment astrocytes divide. Two days later, type C cells reappear, followed at 4.5 days by migrating neuroblasts. By 10 days the SVZ network is fully regenerated, and the orientation and organization of chains of migrating neuroblasts resemble that of normal mice. This regeneration reveals an unexpected plasticity in the adult central nervous system and should provide a model system to study the early stages of neurogenesis in the adult brain.The adult mammalian brain has long been considered incapable of regeneration. After injury, neurons in the central nervous system do not spontaneously re-establish their connections. However, recent advances have been made in identifying factors and cells that can enhance axonal regeneration. An unanticipated form of neuroplasticity in the adult mammalian brain is the continued production of new neurons in certain brain regions. Proliferating cells persist throughout adult life along the length of the lateral wall of the lateral ventricles. This germinal region, called the subventricular zone (SVZ), generates new neurons destined for the olfactory bulb (1-3). The SVZ is organized as an extensive network of chains of migrating neuroblasts (type A cells) (3) that travel through glial tubes formed by the processes of slowly proliferating SVZ astrocytes (type B cells). Clusters of rapidly dividing immature precursors (type C cells) are scattered along the network of migrating chains (4). A single layer of differentiated epithelial cells, known as ependymal cells, separates the SVZ from the lateral ventricles.The newly generated neuroblasts migrate tangentially through the SVZ to join a restricted path called the rostral migratory stream (RMS) that leads to the olfactory bulb (3). In the olfactory bulb, the new neurons differentiate into granule and periglomerular neurons (1-3). The neuroblasts migrate as long chains by means of homotypic interactions without radial glial or axonal guides (chain migration) (5-7). The network of chains of migrating neuroblasts in the SVZ can be revealed by immunostaining for polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) (3).Here we show that after elimination of all immature precursors (type C cells) and migrating neuroblasts in this region with the antimitotic drug cytosine-␤-D-arabinofuranoside (Ara-C), the entire SVZ network regenerates very rapidly. Immediately after treatment, only type B cells and ependymal cells remain. Type C cells and then type A cells reappear sequentially 2 and 4 days after treatment. Interestingly, only type B cells divid...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regeneration of a germinal layer in the adult mammalian brain

Doetsch

García‐Verdugo

Alvarez-Buylla

1999

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

582

480

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“…1). At about the same time, work on another Font/Desfilis/Pérez-Cañellas/ García-Verdugo García et al, 1988aGarcía et al, , 1990bPérez-Sá nchez et al, 1989;Font et al, 1997 Psammodromus algirus + + + Peñafiel et al, 1996 Gallotia galloti + + García- Verdugo et al, 1986 Tarentola mauritanica + + + + + + + + + + + Pérez-Cañellas and García-Verdugo, 1992, 1996 Anolis carolinensis + Duffy et al, 1990 Trachemys scripta + + + + + + + + + + n.a. + Pérez-Cañellas and García-Verdugo, 1992;Pérez-Cañellas et al, 1997 Brain areas in which proliferation and/or recruitment of new neurons have been reported are indicated with a '+' sign.…”

Section: Research On Adult Neurogenesis In Reptilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurogenesis and Neuronal Regeneration in the Adult Reptilian Brain

Font¹,

Desfilis²,

et al. 2001

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Evidence accumulated over the last few decades demonstrates that all reptiles examined thus far continue to add neurons at a high rate and in many regions of the adult brain. This so-called adult neurogenesis has been described in the olfactory bulbs, rostral forebrain, all cortical areas, anterior dorsal ventricular ridge, septum, striatum, nucleus sphericus, and cerebellum. The rate of neuronal production varies greatly among these brain areas. Moreover, striking differences in the rate and distribution of adult neurogenesis have been noted among species. In addition to producing new neurons in the adult brain, lizards, and possibly other reptiles as well, are capable of regenerating large portions of their telencephalon damaged as a result of experimentally-induced injuries, thus exhibiting an enormous potential for neuronal regeneration. Adult neurogenesis and neuronal regeneration take advantage of the same mechanisms that are present during embryonic neurogenesis. New neurons are born in the ependyma lining the ventricles and migrate radially through the brain parenchyma along processes of radial glial cells. Several lines of evidence suggest that radial glial cells also act as stem cells for adult neurogenesis. Once they reach their final destination, the young neurons extend axons that reach appropriate target areas. Tangential migration of neurons alongside the ventricular ependyma has also been reported. Most of these tangentially migrating neurons seem to be destined for the olfactory bulbs and are, thus, part of a system similar to the mammalian rostral migratory stream. The proliferation and recruitment of new neurons appear to result in continuous growth of most areas showing adult neurogenesis. The functional consequences of this continuous generation and integration of new neurons into existing circuits is largely conjectural, but involvement of these phenomena in learning and memory is one likely possibility.

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“…In contrast, adult neurogenesis is observed in the olfactory bulb, dorsal telencephalon, optic tectum, cerebellum, and the brainstem in fish (Zupanc, 2006). Neurons born in adulthood have been reported in all the major subdivisions of the lacertilian telencephalon, including the olfactory bulbs (main and accessory), all of the four cortical areas (medial cortex, dorsomedial cortex, dorsal cortex, and lateral cortex), septum, anterior dorsal ventricular ridge, striatum, and nucleus sphericus (Ló pez-García et al, 1988;Pérez-Cañellas and García-Verdugo, 1996;Font et al, 1997;Pérez-Cañellas et al, 1997). The cerebellum may also be a site of adult neurogenesis in some reptiles (Ló pez-García et al, 1990).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%