3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine Overdose

Lukaszewski, Theodore

doi:10.3109/15563657908989894

Cited by 22 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) was firstly reported as the main metabolite of MDMA in one case after the ingestion of a single dose [4]. Many fatal cases have been published giving both MDMA and MDA concentrations [5][6][7][8][9]. 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA) and other metabolites were reported first in rats [10] and then in human urine in one post-mortem case [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

The designer drug situation in Ibiza

Lora-Tamayo¹,

Tena²,

Rodríguez³

et al. 2004

Forensic Science International

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

The designer drug situation in Ibiza

Lora-Tamayo¹,

Tena²,

Rodríguez³

et al. 2004

Forensic Science International

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“…These data show that high MDMA concentrations can be found in organs such as the brain (i.e. [15,44,[96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104] ), which indicated that concentrations in cardiac blood are obviously higher than those in peripheral blood. The latter confirms that post-mortem redistribution due to diffusion from higher to lower concentration can easily take place, mainly at longer post-mortem intervals and when putrefaction occurs.…”

Section: Thanato-toxicological Datamentioning

confidence: 79%

Post-Mortem (Re)Distribution of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy”): Human and Animal Data

Letter¹,

Stove²,

Lambert³

et al. 2010

CPB

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In this paper, the distribution and redistribution of the amphetamine derivative, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is brought into focus. Animal experimental data were compared with internationally reported MDMA-related human fatalities: in general, these turned out to be parallel with each other. Due to its inherent properties (e.g. significant volume of distribution), MDMA is liable to postmortem redistribution. Indeed, very high concentrations have been found in cardiac blood and tissues located centrally in the body (blood-rich organs such as lungs and liver in particular). This confirms that post-mortem redistribution due to diffusion from higher to lower concentration can easily take place, mainly at longer post-mortem intervals and when putrefaction occurs. Therefore, we can conclude that for post-mortem quantitation of amphetamine and derivatives, and MDMA in particular, peripheral blood sampling (e.g. femoral vein) remains compulsory. However, if the latter is impossible, MDMA quantification in a few alternative matrices such as vitreous humour and iliopsoas muscle may provide additional information to come to a reliable conclusion. Furthermore, it should be stressed that--at present--it is impossible to estimate the individual susceptibility to the various possible adverse effects of MDMA, which implies that it is impossible to provide a "safe" or "therapeutic" blood MDMA level. Therefore, in current forensic practice, the post-mortem pathological and toxicological findings should form an entity in order to draw a well-grounded conclusion.

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“…Plurivascular stasis with intravascular coagulation and massive edema of the lungs are succinctly described only in older reports of cases of MDA intoxication [18][19][20][21][22], and only Dowling et al [10], and recently Forrest et al [23], give macroscopic descriptions based on a substantial case series. hyperthermia and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), but the macro-and microscopic findings have not yet been classified or defined in a satisfactory manner.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%