2D Metal–Organic Frameworks as Multifunctional Materials in Heterogeneous Catalysis and Electro/Photocatalysis

Abstract

size in these materials, exfoliation and delamination of some zeolite precursors was found to result in the preparation of layered zeolites with accessible acid sites and without exhibiting the diffusion restrictions taking place in related 3D solids. [62] These precedents can anticipate what is expected to be the development of 2D MOFs in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. Scheme 2 illustrates some of the best-studied 2D solids in heterogeneous catalysis, photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis that have shown superior performance compared to their analogous 3D materials derived from their unique morphological features.

Conductive Metal–Organic Frameworks with Extra Metallic Sites as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

“…Consequently, the application of MOFs in electrocatalysis eventually becomes a reality. [ 12,13 ] Conductive MOFs consist of transition metal atoms and conjugated organic ligands by M–N 4 linkages, which provide a fully π‐conjugated structure with exceptional electrical conductivity. [ 14 ] Up to now, the conductive MOFs have been employed as efficient electrocatalysts for HER, oxygen evolution reaction, and oxygen reduction reaction.…”

Polymer/Metal Organic Framework (MOF) Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications

“…Additionally, the temperature and pH should also be considered. In general, the hard/soft acid/base (HSAB) principles can predict the level of metal/linker coordination strength [48,49]. Hard acidic metal ions (like Zr 4+ , Cr 3+ , Al 3+ , and Fe 3+ ) combined with carboxylate-based linkers acting as hard bases result in frameworks with a significant water resistivity/stability.…”

Extraction of Metal Ions with Metal–Organic Frameworks

“…The strength of the coordination between the organic moieties and the metal ions can be described in general according to the HSAB (hard/soft acid/base) principles [9,47]. Zr 4+ , Fe 3+ , Cr 3+ , and Al 3+ are regarded as hard acidic metal ions, while Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Ni 2+ , Mn 2+ , and Ag + as soft ones [39].…”

“…MOFs are known to have superior characteristics, such as high surface area (theoretically up to 14.600 m 2 g −1 ) [2], porosity of uniform in structure and topology nanoscaled cavities, and satisfactory thermal and mechanical stability. Therefore, metal-organic frameworks were established as successful candidates for various applications like environmental remediation, detoxification media of toxic vapors, heterogeneous catalysis, gas storage, imaging and drug delivery, fuel cells, supercapacitors, and sensors [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13].…”