2D-Materials-Based Wearable Biosensor Systems

Abstract

As an evolutionary success in life science, wearable biosensor systems, which can monitor human health information and quantify vital signs in real time, have been actively studied. Research in wearable biosensor systems is mainly focused on the design of sensors with various flexible materials. Among them, 2D materials with excellent mechanical, optical, and electrical properties provide the expected characteristics to address the challenges of developing microminiaturized wearable biosensor systems. This review summarizes the recent research progresses in 2D-materials-based wearable biosensors including e-skin, contact lens sensors, and others. Then, we highlight the challenges of flexible power supply technologies for smart systems. The latest advances in biosensor systems involving wearable wristbands, diabetic patches, and smart contact lenses are also discussed. This review will enable a better understanding of the design principle of 2D biosensors, offering insights into innovative technologies for future biosensor systems toward their practical applications.

Advancement in Biosensor Technologies of 2D MaterialIntegrated with Cellulose—Physical Properties

“…By combining nanocellulose with 2D materials, researchers have achieved synergistic enhancements in the performance of biosensors. Nanocellulose offers excellent biocompatibility, a large surface area, and chemical versatility, while 2D materials contribute their unique electrical properties [ 138 ]. This combination results in highly sensitive biosensors that can detect even trace amounts of analytes.…”

Advancements in Wearable and Implantable Intraocular Pressure Biosensors for Ophthalmology: A Comprehensive Review

“…The first is the wearable IOP biosensor and the second is the implantable IOP biosensor. Wearable IOP biosensors, appearing in the literature as early as 2011 [168], are practically consistent with ophthalmic contact lenses and are have both empirical and practical patient [68,91,93,160,[173][174][175][176][177] applications. The Triggerfish (AG, Switzerland) is currently the most widely used wearable IOP biosensor with sensor readings comparable to GAT in both accuracy and precision across both glaucomatous [120,145,146,150,151,154,161,162,167,168,172,178] and non-glaucomatous patients [151,172,178] and with excellent tolerability and minimal adverse effects [126,147].…”

Transparent Electronics for Wearable Electronics Application

“…Owing to their multitude of electronic structures, TMDCs show a range of electrical properties, including semiconducting, metallic, insulating, and superconducting characteristics. These unique features make the materials suitable to be utilized in electronic wearables. , …”

“…These unique features make the materials suitable to be utilized in electronic wearables. 393,394 Similar to the preparation of graphene, the production of TMDCs can be achieved through mechanical 395 and chemical 396 exfoliation methods. Since the discovery that the mechanical cleavage method can produce single-layer graphene, 34 it has been widely utilized to generate nanosheets of various lamellar crystals, including numerous TMDCs where the parent crystal is available.…”