“…The induction of SD and the administration of methylphenidate are considered to be valid animal models of mania, as they show face, construct and predictive validity . After 24h SD, animals show insomnia, hyperactivity, irritability, aggressiveness, hypersexuality, and stereotypy, which are behaviors also seen in humans after SD , and increases in the emission of 50-kHz ultrassonic vocalizations (USVs) (Wendler et al, 2019).…”