Toxicokinetics of Crude Oil Components in Arctic Copepods

Abstract

The risk of accidental oil spills in the Arctic is on the rise due to increased shipping and oil exploration activities, making it essential to calibrate parameters for risk assessment of oil spills to Arctic conditions. The toxicokinetics of crude oil components were assessed by exposing one lipid-poor (CIII) and one lipid-rich (CV) stage of the Arctic copepod Calanus hyperboreus to crude oil WSF (water-soluble fraction). Water concentrations and total body residues (BR), as well as lipid volume fractions, were measured at regular intervals during exposure and recovery. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) and elimination rates ( k) for 26 petrogenic oil components were estimated from one-compartment models fitted to the BR data. Our parameters were compared to estimations made by the OMEGA bioaccumulation model, which uses the octanol-water partitioning coefficient ( K) in QSAR (quantitative structure-activity relationship) predictions. Our parameters for the lipid-poor CIIIs generally agreed with the OMEGA predictions, while neither the BCFs nor the ks for the lipid-rich CVs fitted within the realistic range of the OMEGA parameters. Both the uptake and elimination rates for the CVs were in general half an order of magnitude lower than the OMEGA predictions, showing an overestimation of these parameters by the OMEGA model.

Novel Perfluoroalkyl Ether Carboxylic Acids (PFECAs) and Sulfonic Acids (PFESAs): Occurrence and Association with Serum Biochemical Parameters in Residents Living Near a Fluorochemical Plant in China

“…Animal exposure studies have indicated that the content of tested compounds in mouse serum ranks in the order PFO4DA > PFO3OA > PFO2HxA and in zebrafish ranks in the order PFO5DoDA > PFO4DA > PFO3OA under the same exposure dosages. , These OCF 2 -type compounds in serum demonstrate that PFECAs have a stronger preference for serum with increased OCF 2 moiety. , As the octanol–water partition coefficients ( K ow ) for PFMOAA, PFO2HxA, PFO3OA, PFO4DA, and PFO5DoDA increase with OCF 2 moiety, , their hydrophobicity and half-lives in organs will also likely increase. The increase in PFECA bioaccumulation potential in serum with carbon chain length could be caused by the same reason . We also surveyed the concentrations of these emerging PFASs in the surface water from the Xiaoqing River near the study fluorochemical plant and found that the PFMOAA level was the highest (mean: 8.732 ng/mL) among the OC 2 -type PFECAs, followed by PFO2HxA, PFO3OA, PFO4DA, and PFO5DoDA (unpublished data).…”

“…The increase in PFECA bioaccumulation potential in serum with carbon chain length could be caused by the same reason. 30 We also surveyed the concentrations of these emerging PFASs in the surface water from the Xiaoqing River near the study fluorochemical plant and found that the PFMOAA level was the highest (mean: 8.732 ng/mL) among the OC 2 -type PFECAs, followed by PFO2HxA, PFO3OA, PFO4DA, and PFO5DoDA (unpublished data). In addition, the binding affinities of PFO4DA and PFO5DoDA to serum albumin are stronger than those of PFO3OA and PFO2HxA (unpublished data), indirectly supporting our current results showing higher PFO4DA and PFO5DoDA than PFO2HxA and PFO3OA accumulation levels in serum.…”

A Crude Awakening: Effects of Crude Oil on Lipid Metabolism in Calanoid Copepods Terminating Diapause

“…A naphthenic crude oil from the North Sea, which has been used previously in similar exposure studies with copepods (Jager et al, 2016;Hansen et al, 2017b;Øverjordet et al, 2018), was chosen for the present study. Oil characterization (by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [GC-MS]) can be found in the Appendix (Table A1).…”

Chemical and toxicological characterisation of residues from offshore in-situ burning of spilled fuel oils

“…Early life stage (nauplii, N3) and late copepodite stage (CV) of Calanus finmarchicus have earlier been exposed to LE-WAF of fresh ULSFO to compare potential toxic effects [ 19 ]. It was observed that the nauplii were more sensitive to the WAF than the late copepodite stage which may be related to both size related kinetics and lipid content [ 20 , 21 ].…”