Prevalence of Drug Resistance Mutations in Protease, Reverse Transcriptase, and Integrase Genes of North Central Mexico HIV Isolates

Abstract

This study set out to determine the frequency of antiretroviral drug resistance mutations in treatment-naive subjects of the north central Mexican state of San Luis Potosí. Mexican studies of antiretroviral drug resistance mutations have focused mainly on large metropolitan areas and border towns subjected to intense international migrations. This study set forth to describe the frequency of these mutations in a Mexican region less subjected to such migratory influences and more representative of smaller Mexican cities. Thirty-eight full-length pol sequences spanning the protease, reverse-transcriptase, and integrase-encoding regions were obtained from 42 treatment-naive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects. Most exhibited subtype B homology, but CRF02_AG was also detected. Evidence of APOBEC3 hypermutation was seen in two samples. Calibrated population analysis revealed a surveillance drug resistance mutation prevalence of 4.9% for protease inhibitors, of 2.7% for nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, of 8.1% for non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and an overall prevalence of 9.5%. This corresponds to an intermediate level of transmitted drug resistance according to the World Health Organization. The identification of integrase mutations suggests that transmitted drug mutations are being imported, as inhibitors targeting integrase have not been widely used in Mexico. Our results provide a greater understanding of HIV diversity in Mexico and highlight the way internal migrations allow HIV mutations and genetic features to permeate regions less subjected to international migrations. The implications of these findings will become more evident as Mexico hosts increased repatriations of migrants in the coming years.

Circulation of multiple subtypes (A, G and CRFs 02_AG) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in selected districts of Punjab province, Pakistan

“…Similar observations have been reported in previous studies [23][24][25]. Subtyping of currently prevailing HIV-1 isolates is considered crucial for understanding the genetic evolution of this virus around the globe [26], and, for this particular purpose, the pol gene is considered an important marker for accurate delineation of HIV-1 subtypes [15][16][17][27][28][29]. The amplified region of the pol gene comprised the protease gene (nt 1 to 297) and a part of the reverse transcriptase (RT) gene (nt 1 to 753).…”

Laboratory Based Surveillance of HIV-1 Acquired Drug Resistance in Cameroon: Implications for Use of Tenofovir-Lamivudine-Dolutegravir (TLD) as Second- or Third-Line Regimens

“…As for PI/r resistance, rates after first-line failure were, not surprisingly, low (5%), supported by the absence of PI/r drug pressure in first-line treated patients. The PI/r resistance in first-line patients would thus be driven mostly by the presence of transmitted drug resistances, which is low in the PI/r class, as described in Mexico by Gerardo et al in 2018 who found the prevalence of PI/r transmitted drug resistance to be 4.9% [ 32 ]. After second-line failure, rates of NRTI and NNRTI resistance all remained high (92.9% and 84.1% respectively).…”

Prevalence, Molecular Epidemiology and Drug Resistance Pattern of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 among Injecting Drug Users in Lahore, Pakistan

“…To best of our knowledge, this is the first ever study to explore different HIV-1 subtypes and CRFs circulating in IDUs in Lahore. HIV-1 Subtyping is crucial to understand genetic evolution of circulating HIV-1 isolates in the world (Pond et al, 2009) and, pol gene of HIV-1 is an important marker to accurately delineate HIV-1 genetic diversity (Cantão et al, 2018;Gonzales et al, 2001;Hernandez-Sanchez et al, 2018;Song et al, 2018). The identification of different HIV-1 subtypes and recombinant form within specific population within same region highlights its propensity to be a highly mutable virus, therefore, time to time molecular epidemiological studies are required to conduct at a much higher resolution in future.…”