Prevalence, Molecular Epidemiology and Drug Resistance Pattern of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 among Injecting Drug Users in Lahore, Pakistan

Yaqub, Saima; Yaqub, Tahir; Shabbir, Muhammad Zubair; Nadeem, Asif; Rahman, Aziz-ul; Shahid, Muhammad Furqan; Tahir, Zarfishan; Mukhtar, Nadia

doi:10.17582/journal.pjz/20200107110132

Cited by 1 publication

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“…Furthermore, insertion of foreign genes reduces the virus's virulence and tropism rather than increasing it. More crucially, Song et al have revealed that AOaV-1 recombination is not as widespread as thought, and that the recombination that was discovered was most likely artificial, coming from sample contamination and sequencing errors and therefore proposal to safe administration of vaccines is warranted [113][114][115][116][117].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian Orthoavulavirus Type-1 as Vaccine Vector against Respiratory Viral Pathogens in Animal and Human

2022

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Avian orthoavulaviruses type-1 (AOaV-1) have recently transitioned from animal vaccine vector to a bona fide vaccine delivery vehicle in human. Owing to induction of robust innate and adaptive immune responses in mucus membranes in both birds and mammals, AOaVs offer an attractive vaccine against respiratory pathogens. The unique features of AOaVs include over 50 years of safety profile, stable expression of foreign genes, high infectivity rates in avian and mammalian hosts, broad host spectrum, limited possibility of recombination and lack of pre-existing immunity in humans. Additionally, AOaVs vectors allow the production of economical and high quantities of vaccine antigen in chicken embryonated eggs and several GMP-grade mammalian cell lines. In this review, we describe the biology of AOaVs and define protocols to manipulate AOaVs genomes in effectively designing vaccine vectors. We highlighted the potential and established portfolio of AOaV-based vaccines for multiple respiratory and non-respiratory viruses of veterinary and medical importance. We comment on the limitations of AOaV-based vaccines and propose mitigations strategies. The exploitation of AOaVs vectors is expanding at an exciting pace; thus, we have limited the scope to their use as vaccines against viral pathogens in both animals and humans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian Orthoavulavirus Type-1 as Vaccine Vector against Respiratory Viral Pathogens in Animal and Human

2022

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Prevalence, Molecular Epidemiology and Drug Resistance Pattern of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 among Injecting Drug Users in Lahore, Pakistan

Abstract: Authors' Contribution SY and MFS collected samples. SY performed practical work. TY and NM conceived and designed the study and also supervised the research work. SY and AuR analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. MZS, AN and ZT critically reviewed the manuscript.

Cited by 1 publication

References 55 publications

Avian Orthoavulavirus Type-1 as Vaccine Vector against Respiratory Viral Pathogens in Animal and Human

Avian Orthoavulavirus Type-1 as Vaccine Vector against Respiratory Viral Pathogens in Animal and Human

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