Hematological and histopathological effects of silver nanoparticles in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)—how about increase of salinity?

Abstract

Hematological and histopathological toxicities of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) to rainbow trout were assessed in three water salinities: 0.4 ppt (low salinity), 6 ± 0.3 ppt (moderate salinity), and 12 ± 0.2 ppt (high salinity). The concentrations of Ag-NPs in the low salinity were 0.032, 0.1, 0.32, and 1 ppm, and in the moderate and high salinities were 3.2, 10, 32, and 100 ppm. The results indicated a concentration-dependently increased (thrombocyte, monocyte, and large lymphocyte) and decreased (neutrophil and small lymphocyte) white blood cell count in the Ag-NP treatments in the low salinity than the other ones in the moderate and high salinities. Red blood cell volume significantly increased in all of the experimental groups exposed to higher Ag-NP concentrations, especially those in the low salinity. In the moderate and high salinities, blood plasma total protein decreased in 10 and 32 ppm Ag-NP treatments, but albumin increased in the groups in the low salinity. Blood plasma ions (Cl, Na, K, Ca, and Mg) showed high changes in the higher Ag-NP treatments. In all treatments, gill histological analysis demonstrated a time- and Ag-NP concentration-dependent extent of abnormalities, with the highest epithelial lifting in 1 ppm Ag-NPs in the low salinity and also the highest necrosis and aneurism in the 32 ppm treatments in other salinities. Lower Ag-NP concentrations in the low salinity led to fibrosis, villus fusion, inflammation, vacuolization, and microvillus hyperplasia in the gut, yet villi lifting and necrosis in 0.32 and 1 ppm of Ag-NPs were the main anomalies. In addition to the mentioned alterations, villi abolitions predominantly occurred in 32 ppm Ag-NP concentrations in the moderate and high salinities. Overall, despite exposing to lower Ag-NP concentrations, the fish kept in the low salinity demonstrated more vulnerability to Ag-NPs than those in the other salinities.

Influence of macerated fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) oil added to trout feed at the different rates on the Feed Conversion Rate (FCR), body length, blood parameters and Nitroblue Tetrazolium (NBT) values "‹"‹of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Wal

“…In our study, the monocyte levels in the fenugreek oil application groups were higher than the control group. Monocyte levels in phagocytic and lysosomal function-induced immune systems are as high as in our study groups (29,33). Monocyte increase, one of the representatives of the cellular immune response, was also found to be high in other studies performed with fenugreek (34).…”

Biochemical Biomarkers for Dose-Dependent Damage Caused by 4-Nonylphenol in the Juvenile Clarias Gariepinus

“…Different researches referred to the variability of pollutant effects on the biochemical indicators; such as AST, ALT, TP, Glu, Cr, and UA with an increase, decrease or no effect (Alkaladi et al, 2015;Imani et al, 2015;Joo et al, 2018;Rajkumar et al, 2016 ;Sayed and Authman, 2018;Shaluei et al, 2013). The pattern of adverse impacts in blood parameters may depend on fish species, age, stage of reproductive cycle and disease (Luskora, 1997) in addition to many environmental factors (Pandey, 1977) and seasonal conditions (Joshi and Tondon, 1977 ;Khan, 1977).…”

Building the Bridge From Aquatic Nanotoxicology to Safety by Design Silver Nanoparticles

“…For example, George et al (2014 ) observed that simulated solar light induced transformation of AgNPs (surface oxidation and Ag + release) and augmented their toxicity to zebrafish embryos. On the other hand, exposure medium containing a high concentration of chloride ions ( Groh et al, 2015 ) or higher salinity ( Kalbassi et al, 2011 ; Cáceres-Vélez et al, 2018 ; Joo et al, 2018 ) attenuated the acute and sublethal effects of AgNPs to zebrafish embryos and rainbow trout fry. Taken together, these findings suggest that laboratory conditions may over- or under-estimate the risk potential of ENM/Ps and demonstrate the need for carrying out toxicity tests under environmentally relevant exposure conditions.…”