Immune cell response to strenuous resistive breathing: comparison with whole body exercise and the effects of antioxidants

Abstract

Background/hypothesisWhole body exercise (WBE) changes lymphocyte subset percentages in peripheral blood. Resistive breathing, a hallmark of diseases of airway obstruction, is a form of exercise for the inspiratory muscles. Strenuous muscle contractions induce oxidative stress that may mediate immune alterations following exercise. We hypothesized that inspiratory resistive breathing (IRB) alters peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and that oxidative stress mediates lymphocyte subpopulation alterations following both WBE and IRB.Patients and methodsSix healthy nonathletes performed two WBE and two IRB sessions for 45 minutes at 70% of VO2 maximum and 70% of maximum inspiratory pressure (Pimax), respectively, before and after the administration of antioxidants (vitamins E, A, and C for 75 days, allopurinol for 30 days, and N-acetylcysteine for 3 days). Blood was drawn at baseline, at the end of each session, and 2 hours into recovery. Lymphocyte subsets were determined by flow cytometry.ResultsBefore antioxidant supplementation at both WBE end and IRB end, the natural killer cell percentage increased, the T helper cell (CD3+ CD4+) percentage was reduced, and the CD4/CD8 ratio was depressed, a response which was abolished by antioxidants only after IRB. Furthermore, at IRB end, antioxidants promoted CD8+ CD38+ and blunted cytotoxic T-cell percentage increase. CD8+ CD45RA+ cell percentage changes were blunted after antioxidant supplementation in both WBE and IRB.ConclusionWe conclude that IRB produces (as WBE) changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and that oxidative stress is a major stimulus predominantly for IRB-induced lymphocyte subset alterations.

Use of Physical Activity and Exercise to Reduce Inflammation in Children and Adolescents with Obesity

“…The earliest studies regarding exercise’s effect on immune systems began in the mid-1980s and were conducted by David Nieman. He observed that exercising regularly with moderate intensity is beneficial for our bodies, whereas sustained bouts of intensive training can depress immunity [ 151 ]. Both acute and chronic exercise have shown a remarkable response in leukocyte redistribution, activity, trafficking, and function [ 140 , 152 ].…”

High-intensity resistance training in newly diagnosed sarcoidosis- an exploratory study of effects on lung function, muscle strength, fatigue, dyspnea, health-related quality of life and lung immune cells

“…A possible positive effect of physical exercise in people with sarcoidosis is likely to be complex and depend on several pathways. Experimental studies performed on mice have shown that training induces alterations in peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations [35] and in mice with obesityrelated airway hyper-responsiveness, training induced a reduction of several inflammatory cells (including lymphocytes) as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines in BALF [36]. T regulatory cells (T regs ) normally dampen the release of proinflammatory cytokines and thereby have a potential function in controlling and ending immune responses.…”

Inspiratory flow-resistive breathing, respiratory muscle-induced systemic oxidative stress, and diaphragm fatigue in healthy humans

“…Participants were naïve to the prescribed resistive load, and the resistive loading device was hidden from view. The resistive loads were chosen because, through our pilot studies and other work (3,8,23), they were sustainable for 30 min and would elicit varying degrees of diaphragm fatigue. Transdiaphragmatic twitch pressures (PdiTW) were measured at baseline, at 5 min, at the end, and Ͼ30 min after the completion of inspiratory flow-resistive breathing trials.…”