Anti-inflammatory activity of nanoemulsions of essential oil from Rosmarinus officinalis L.: in vitro and in zebrafish studies

Abstract

The essential oil from Rosmarinus officinalis L. (OERO) has bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory activity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potency of nanoemulsions containing essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (NOERO, NECHA, NECULT, and NECOM) in vitro and in vivo. This study was accomplished in a quantitative format through tests with diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), cellular antioxidant activity (CCA), determination of nitric oxide production, cellular viability and anti-inflammatory activity in zebrafish. OERO's were submitted to the analysis-coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which highlighted 1,8-cineol and camphor as major compounds. NOEROs were obtained by a low-energy method and presenting the medium size smaller than 200 nm. The efficiency of encapsulation by spectrometry and gas chromatographic analysis was 67.61 and 75.38%, respectively. In the CCA assay, all of the samples presented percentage values of inhibition similar to the quercetin pattern, indicating antioxidant activity. In the test for determination of NO·, all of the samples inhibited the production of NO· when compared to LPS, and NOEROS were more effective than OEROS to 5 µg/mL. In the cell viability assay, the cells remained viable after contact with the samples, demonstrating an absence of cytotoxicity. This study showed that all nanoemulsions (NECHA, NECULT, and NECOM) showed no toxicity to macrophages, besides demonstrating antioxidant activity and potentiation of the essential oil effect in the proliferation of viable fibroblasts. Nanoemulsions has also shown the ability to potentiate the anti-inflammatory action of essential oils by exerting immunomodulatory activity by inhibiting the production of the pro-inflammatory mediator nitric oxide. The results obtained with NECHA in zebrafish confirm the hypothesis that prominent terpenic compounds, alpha-pinene, 1,8-cineole, and camphor, became more available at the target sites, inhibiting the inflammatory process in this animal species.

Accelerated infected wound healing by topical application of encapsulated Rosemary essential oil into nanostructured lipid carriers

“…REO-NLCs and REO similarly showed maximum efficiency against Gram-positive bacteria. Borges et al [21] showed that Gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible to nanoemulsions of essential oil than Gram-negatives. This could be attributed to the fact that the lipophilic ends of lipoteichoic acids in the cell wall of Gram-positives facilitate the penetration of hydrophobic compounds [21].…”

“…Borges et al [21] showed that Gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible to nanoemulsions of essential oil than Gram-negatives. This could be attributed to the fact that the lipophilic ends of lipoteichoic acids in the cell wall of Gram-positives facilitate the penetration of hydrophobic compounds [21]. Nanoparticle properties may enhance the passive cellular absorption mechanisms and also decrease mass transfer resistances [22].…”

Preparation, optimization, and pharmacokinetic study of nanoliposomes loaded with triacylglycerol‐bound punicic acid for increased antihepatotoxic activity

“…Electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS), UV–Vis spectrophotometer, high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR), and comparative spectroscopic literature analysis were all used to authenticate the purity of TPAR. The concentration of TPAR was estimated using dual‐wavelength spectrophotometry (UV 2600 Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) as reported with slight modifications (Borges et al, ; Gupta, Ghosh, Maiti, & Mahua, ; Marwada et al, ). Two wavelengths were selected based on the principle that the difference in absorbance of two points on the overlain spectra is directly proportional to the concentration of the component of interest.…”

“…The chemical shifts of TPAR were assigned with reference to the internal standard, CDCl 3 , (Cao et al, 2007;Sassano et al, 2009;Siano, Addeo, et al, 2016), which was assumed to resonate at δH 7.26 (CHCl 3 impurity) and δC 77.00 ppm, respectively. The thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was also used to evaluate the separation efficiency via pre-coated silica gel plates using (Borges et al, 2018;Gupta, Ghosh, Maiti, & Mahua, 2011;Marwada et al, 2014).…”

“…The amount of TPAR entrapped in the liposome was estimated according to previous reports (Borges et al, 2018;Gupta et al, 2011;Ixtaina, Julio, Wagner, Nolasco, & Tomas, 2015) via unencapsulated oil content. Hexane (2 mL) was mixed with TPAR-NL (2 mL) and the mixture was vortexed.…”