Protic Ionic Liquids for Lignin Extraction—A Lignin Characterization Study

Achinivu, Ezinne C.

doi:10.3390/ijms19020428

Cited by 70 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…A drawback at the time was the requirement to avoid moisture entering the IL system. The development has been rapid since and more and more combinations of salts are utilised for very different purposes, such as man-made cellulosic fibres [127] and for extraction of lignin from biomass [128]. The combination of cations and anions making up ionic liquids are almost endless [127].…”

Section: Pretreatment Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pretreatment for biorefineries: a review of common methods for efficient utilisation of lignocellulosic materials

Galbe

Wallberg

2019

Biotechnol Biofuels

337

195

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The implementation of biorefineries based on lignocellulosic materials as an alternative to fossil-based refineries calls for efficient methods for fractionation and recovery of the products. The focus for the biorefinery concept for utilisation of biomass has shifted, from design of more or less energy-driven biorefineries, to much more versatile facilities where chemicals and energy carriers can be produced. The sugar-based biorefinery platform requires pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials, which can be very recalcitrant, to improve further processing through enzymatic hydrolysis, and for other downstream unit operations. This review summarises the development in the field of pretreatment (and to some extent, of fractionation) of various lignocellulosic materials. The number of publications indicates that biomass pretreatment plays a very important role for the biorefinery concept to be realised in full scale. The traditional pretreatment methods, for example, steam pretreatment (explosion), organosolv and hydrothermal treatment are covered in the review. In addition, the rapidly increasing interest for chemical treatment employing ionic liquids and deep-eutectic solvents are discussed and reviewed. It can be concluded that the huge variation of lignocellulosic materials makes it difficult to find a general process design for a biorefinery. Therefore, it is difficult to define "the best pretreatment" method. In the end, this depends on the proposed application, and any recommendation of a suitable pretreatment method must be based on a thorough techno-economic evaluation.

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Section: Pretreatment Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pretreatment for biorefineries: a review of common methods for efficient utilisation of lignocellulosic materials

Galbe

Wallberg

2019

Biotechnol Biofuels

337

195

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“…In the FTIR absorbance spectrum of lignin (Figure 7b, brown line), the characteristic peaks of "Sarkanda" lignin could be identified as: 3414 cm -1 ( O-H of the hydroxyl groups), 2922 cm -1 ( C-H of the aromatic methoxyl groups), 2851 cm -1 ( C-H of the methyl-and methylene groups), 1701 cm -1 ( C=O of the unconjugated carbonyls), 1600 cm -1 and 1515 cm -1 ( C=C of the aromatic ring and  C=O of the conjugated carbonyl), 1462 cm -1 ( as C-H ), 1425 cm -1 ( C-H of the aromatic ring), 1218 cm -1 ( C=O ,  C-C and  C-O ), 1120 cm -1 ( C-H of the syringyl units), and 1031 cm -1 ( C-H of the aromatic ring,  C-O of the hydroxyl-and ether groups). [61][62][63][64][65][66][67] With regard to the FTIR spectrum of lignin grafted onto chitosan (Figure 7a, purple line), it is worthy to note that there was a shift from 1603 cm -1…”

Section: Grafting Of Lignin Onto Chitosan Polymermentioning

confidence: 99%

Functionalization of chitosan with lignin to produce active materials by waste valorization

et al. 2019

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“…Although the complete dissolution of the whole biomass has been tested [137,138], the selective dissolution of its components has been more frequently proposed. Several ILs have demonstrated their effectiveness for lignin dissolution [139], but imidazolium-based ILs appear as the most representative examples [140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149]. As lignin can be selectively extracted from lignocellulosic biomass by employment of ILs, new simpler pretreatment methods can be developed for lignin isolation and purification [150,151].…”

Section: Properties Kraft Lignin Lignosulfonate Soda Ligninmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternatives for Chemical and Biochemical Lignin Valorization: Hot Topics from a Bibliometric Analysis of the Research Published During the 2000–2016 Period

2018

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A complete bibliometric analysis of the Scopus database was performed to identify the research trends related to lignin valorization from 2000 to 2016. The results from this analysis revealed an exponentially increasing number of publications and a high relevance of interdisciplinary collaboration. The simultaneous valorization of the three main components of lignocellulosic biomass (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) has been revealed as a key aspect and optimal pretreatment is required for the subsequent lignin valorization. Research covers the determination of the lignin structure, isolation, and characterization; depolymerization by thermal and thermochemical methods; chemical, biochemical and biological conversion of depolymerized lignin; and lignin applications. Most methods for lignin depolymerization are focused on the selective cleavage of the β-O-4 linkage. Although many depolymerization methods have been developed, depolymerization with sodium hydroxide is the dominant process at industrial scale. Oxidative conversion of lignin is the most used method for the chemical lignin upgrading. Lignin uses can be classified according to its structure into lignin-derived aromatic compounds, lignin-derived carbon materials and lignin-derived polymeric materials. There are many advances in all approaches, but lignin-derived polymeric materials appear as a promising option.

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Protic Ionic Liquids for Lignin Extraction—A Lignin Characterization Study

Cited by 70 publications

References 49 publications

Pretreatment for biorefineries: a review of common methods for efficient utilisation of lignocellulosic materials

Pretreatment for biorefineries: a review of common methods for efficient utilisation of lignocellulosic materials

Functionalization of chitosan with lignin to produce active materials by waste valorization

Alternatives for Chemical and Biochemical Lignin Valorization: Hot Topics from a Bibliometric Analysis of the Research Published During the 2000–2016 Period

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