Antimicrobial Activity and Biocompatibility of the Psidium cattleianum Extracts for Endodontic Purposes

Abstract

Psidium cattleianum (PC) has been displaying inhibitory effect against a variety of microorganisms, but this effect has not yet been tested against endodontic pathogens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility of the aqueous (PCAE) and hydroethanolic (PCHE) extracts from Psidium cattleianum (PC) leaves. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum lethal concentration (MLC) were determined using the microdilution broth method in order to analyze the antimicrobial effect against Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Actinomyces israelii and Candida albicans in planktonic conditions. Biofilm assays were conducted only with the extracts that were able to determine the MLC for microorganisms in planktonic conditions. Immediate and late tissue reactions against PC extracts were evaluated using edemogenic test and histological analysis of subcutaneous implants in Wistar rats. The results showed that the MIC and MLC values ranged between 0.25 and 4 mg/mL. The MLC obtained for PCHE inhibited 100% growth of all the tested strains, except for C. albicans. PCAE had the same effect for E. faecalis and P. aeruginosa. Both PC extracts were able to eliminate E. faecalis biofilms and only the PCHE eliminated P. aeruginosa biofilms. The positive controls inhibited the growth of all tested strains in MIC and MLC essays, but no CHX tested concentrations were able to eliminate A. israelii biofilm. PCAE caused a discrete increase in the edema over time, while PCHE caused a higher initial edema, which decreased progressively. Both PCAE and PCHE extracts were biocompatible, but PCHE showed better results with slight levels of inflammation at 28 days. In conclusion, PCHE was biocompatible and presented better antimicrobial effect against important pathogens associated with persistent endodontic infections A n t i m i c r o b i a l A c t i v i t y a n d B i o c o m p a t i b i l i t y o f t h e P s i d i u m c a t t l e i a n u m E x t r a c t s f o r E n d o d o n t i c P u r p o s e s

Antimicrobial activity of Psidium cattleianum associated with calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans: an in vitro study

“…Despite its use in endodontics, both E. faecalis and C. albicans are very resistant to the action of calcium hydroxide [40][41][42], and its mixing with another medicament could improve significantly the antimicrobial effect [43,44], since most of the substances used as a vehicle for calcium hydroxide do not have significant antimicrobial activity. A research conducted by Dezan-Junior [45] showed that the association of calcium hydroxide and Psidium cattleianum eliminated E. faecalis in 24 h, corroborating a recent study with hydroethanolic association [46], suggesting that only the presence of the leaf extract produced bactericidal effect. The microbial inoculation sequence used in this study was performed according to the proliferation ability of the E.faecalis and C.albicans.…”

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Psidium cattleianum Leaves: Optimization Using the Response Surface Methodology

“…Traditionally, the extraction of polyphenols from PC leaves was performed using conventional methods (stirring, pressing, maceration, and hydrodistillation) with or without thermal treatments [ 13 , 14 ]. Different authors used decoction (100 g of dried leaves/600 mL deionized water at 100 °C for 5 min) [ 15 , 16 , 17 ], Soxhlet or heat reflux extraction (2 g of dried leaves/100 mL of hexane at 90 °C for 90 min) [ 18 ], hydro-distillation (for 2 to 5 h in a modified Clevenger apparatus) [ 19 , 20 ], stirring at room temperature (1.2 kg of dried leaves/12 L of 80% methanol for 3 days) [ 21 , 22 ], hand-shaking (20 g of dried leaves/250 mL of 80% ethanol, shaking vigorously 5 times a day for 12 days) [ 23 ], and maceration at room temperature with methanol (1.2 kg of dried leaves/12 L of 80% methanol for 14 days) [ 24 ] or ethanol (0.5 kg of dried leaves/500 mL for 5 days) [ 11 ] to extract bioactive compounds from PC leaves. However, these methods required high amounts of solvents and samples, and long extraction times that may affect the stability (oxidation, ionization, and hydrolysis), yield, and bioactivity of these phytochemicals [ 13 , 14 ].…”

Inhibitory activity of Varronia curassavica and Mikania laevigata fractions against pathogens associated with persistent dental infections

“…Biofilm assays were performed with the extracts/fractions that presented 100% growth inhibition in the MBC/MFC tests, except for C. albicans, as described by Massunari et al (2017). Briefly, 96-well microplates, U-shaped bottom, were pretreated with 200µl of artificial saliva per well for 4 h at 37°C in 5% CO 2 (coating phase).…”