Advanced LC–MS-based methods to study the co-occurrence and metabolization of multiple mycotoxins in cereals and cereal-based food

Malachová, Alexandra; Stranska-Zachariasova, Milena; Václavíková, Marta; Elliott, Christopher T.; Black, Connor; Meneely, Julie; Hajšlová, Jana; Ezekiel, Chibundu N.; Schuhmacher, Rainer; Krska, Rudolf

doi:10.1007/s00216-017-0750-7

Cited by 125 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…In addition, data are still scarcely and unevenly reported regardless of an increased awareness of the contribution of modified forms to the toxicity of mycotoxins. Liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) has only recently become widely used for the determination of multiple mycotoxins which partly explain why literature data are still scarce on the co-occurrence of modified forms [30]. In general, promising progresses have been recently observed in the context of analytical methods, providing a positive indication of forthcoming improvements for the simultaneous determination of multiple mycotoxins, both of different native toxins and modified forms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and Co-Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Cereal-Based Feed and Food

et al. 2020

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Dietary (co)-exposure to mycotoxins is associated with human and animal health concerns as well as economic losses. This study aims to give a data-based insight from the scientific literature on the (co-)occurrence of mycotoxins (i.e., parent and modified forms) in European core cereals, and to estimate potential patterns of co-exposure in humans and animals. Mycotoxins were mainly reported in wheat and maize showing the highest concentrations of fumonisins (FBs), deoxynivalenol (DON), aflatoxins (AFs), and zearalenone (ZEN). The maximum concentrations of FB1+FB2 were reported in maize both in feed and food and were above legal maximum levels (MLs). Similar results were observed in DON-food, whose max concentrations in wheat, barley, maize, and oat exceeded the MLs. Co-occurrence was reported in 54.9% of total records, meaning that they were co-contaminated with at least two mycotoxins. In the context of parental mycotoxins, co-occurrence of DON was frequently observed with FBs in maize and ZEN in wheat; DON + NIV and DON + T2/HT2 were frequently reported in barley and oat, respectively. Apart from the occurrence of ZEN and its phase I and phase II modified forms, only a limited number of quantified data were available for other modified forms; i.e., mainly the acetyl derivatives of DON. Data gaps are highlighted together with the need for monitoring studies on multiple mycotoxins to identify co-occurrence patterns for parent mycotoxins, metabolites, and their modified forms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and Co-Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Cereal-Based Feed and Food

et al. 2020

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“…Overall, few samples exceeded threshold concentrations defined in current guidelines. Though legal bounds are set considering only one contaminant, synergy due to mycotoxin co-occurrence is to be considered (Streit et al 2012;Alassane-Kpembi et al 2017); this is possible through multi-toxin methods such as the one presented here (Malachová et al 2017).…”

Section: Mycotoxin Prevalence By Feedstuff and Legislative Thresholdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical assessment of mycotoxin contaminants and veterinary residues in Costa Rican animal feed

et al. 2019

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Background: When present in animal feedstuff, mycotoxins contaminants and antibiotic residues can have negative implications for animal production and Public Health, including the transmission of carcinogenic compounds and the selection of antibiotic resistant bacteria, respectively. So far there are no available methods in which both mycotoxins and antibiotic residues are analyzed using a parallel extraction approach. To address this issue, we developed a LC/MS methodology with high sensitivity (0.005 to 6.42 and 24.55 to 132.73 μg kg − 1 for mycotoxins and antimicrobials) and specificity (unique target ion mass/charge) that allows the detection of 26 mycotoxins and 23 antibiotic residues in animal feedstuff and validated it through the determination of these analytes in 294 animal feed and feed ingredient samples in the framework of a country-wide surveillance program. Two hundred and five of these samples were analyzed for mycotoxins and 89 for antibiotics. Findings: Fumonisin was the most frequently toxin found, with FB 1 and FB 2 presenting prevalences of 50 and 52% and maximum concentrations of 14,927.61 and 8646.67 μg kg − 1 , respectively. Other toxins, including diacetoxyscirpenol n = 4/101 (3.96%), fusarenon-X n = 2/101 (1.98%), citrinin n = 2 (1.98%), and patulin n = 1 (0.99%) were rarely found. Toxicologically relevant concentrations of toxin metabolites, such as HT-2 (6.38-485.49 μg kg − 1) and 3−/15acetoxydeoxynivalenol (877.89-3236.56/5.44-1685.3 μg kg − 1), were also found. Few samples exceeded threshold mycotoxin concentrations defined in current EU guidelines. Dairy cattle and swine feeds included the higher number of samples exceeding guideline values (n = 6 and n = 5, respectively). From the total of samples analysed for antibiotics, 7.7% (n = 7/89) were classified as medicated for poultry and pigs. Unexpectedly, 57% of these medicated samples contained no detectable antibiotics (n = 4/7). The remaining 43% of the samples (n = 3/7) presented inconsistencies regarding the concentration of analytes declared on the labels or the antibiotics found. Likewise 74.6% (n = 50/67) of the non-medicated feed samples analyzed had antibiotic residues. Additionally, we analyzed commercial monensin standards for purity and evaluate batch-to-batch flushing feed industry practices. Conclusions: Herein we report the results for a year-wide analysis for mycotoxins and antibiotics in feed samples. Mycotoxins, several metabolites, and the occurrence of these emerging contaminants were evaluated and antibiotic residues in non-medicated feed samples were found using a targeted MS-based LC approach. This validated multianalyte method is expected to facilitate the monitoring and surveillance of contaminants, from natural and anthropogenic origin, in animal feed.

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“…The advancement in analytical sciences also improved chromatographic detection methods. For example, HPLC coupled with different types of detectors—like ultra-violet (UV), gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) [ 12 ], and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) [ 13 ]—are also now recognized as highly sensitive techniques for mycotoxin analysis.…”

Section: Monitoring Of Mycotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designed Strategies for Fluorescence-Based Biosensors for the Detection of Mycotoxins

Sharma

Khan

Catanante

et al. 2018

Toxins

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Small molecule toxins such as mycotoxins with low molecular weight are the most widely studied biological toxins. These biological toxins are responsible for food poisoning and have the potential to be used as biological warfare agents at the toxic dose. Due to the poisonous nature of mycotoxins, effective analysis techniques for quantifying their toxicity are indispensable. In this context, biosensors have been emerged as a powerful tool to monitors toxins at extremely low level. Recently, biosensors based on fluorescence detection have attained special interest with the incorporation of nanomaterials. This review paper will focus on the development of fluorescence-based biosensors for mycotoxin detection, with particular emphasis on their design as well as properties such as sensitivity and specificity. A number of these fluorescent biosensors have shown promising results in food samples for the detection of mycotoxins, suggesting their future potential for food applications.

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Advanced LC–MS-based methods to study the co-occurrence and metabolization of multiple mycotoxins in cereals and cereal-based food

Cited by 125 publications

References 82 publications

Occurrence and Co-Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Cereal-Based Feed and Food

Occurrence and Co-Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Cereal-Based Feed and Food

Chemical assessment of mycotoxin contaminants and veterinary residues in Costa Rican animal feed

Designed Strategies for Fluorescence-Based Biosensors for the Detection of Mycotoxins

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